# Which animal with a trunk lived in your county? Bones, teeth and tusks of mammoths, mastodons and deinotheres, extinct relatives of the elephant, have been found in 23 of the 41 counties and in Bucharest. Pick yours, then stand next to them, to scale. By Marius Comper · 20 September 2026 · sizes come from published studies, with exceptions marked in the text, linked under [sources](https://mariuscomper.uk/elefanti-in-romania/en/#surse) ## What was found near you Each point on the map is a place where someone recorded bones, teeth or tusks of proboscideans: elephants, mammoths, mastodons and their relatives with a trunk. A filled point has a scientific record behind it: a paper or a palaeontological database. An open point means the place is only mentioned, in a list in a paper, a museum or the press. ### Arad County - **Birzavița, near Minișu de Sus** — *Gomphotherium angustidens, Deinotherium (recorded as D. levius)*; about 12 million years. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Zăbrani, Mureș riverbed** — *Mammuthus primigenius*; Late Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. ### Argeș County - **Curtea de Argeș** — *Mammut sp., Deinotherium proavum*. Only mentioned in a list. - **Hârșești** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Early Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. ### Bacău County - **Găiceana** — *Deinotherium proavum*; Late Miocene. Scientific record (paper or database). ### Bihor County - **Betfia, Sânmartin** — *Mammuthus cf. meridionalis, Mammuthus cf. trogontherii*; Early Pleistocene – Middle Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Păgaia, Boianu Mare commune** — *Mammut praetypicum*; Pliocene. Only mentioned in a list. - **Roșiori, gravel pit on the Barcău** — *Mammuthus primigenius (cf.)*; Late Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Sălard** — *Mammuthus sp. (a Late Pleistocene mammoth)*; Late Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. - **Galoșpetreu, Tarcea** — *Mammuthus sp.*; Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. ### Botoșani County - **Manoleasa, at the Prut confluence** — *Mammuthus sp.*; Late Pleistocene (press estimate). Only mentioned in a list. ### Brașov County - **Rotbav, Feldioara commune** — *Mammuthus meridionalis, Mammuthus trogontherii*; Early Pleistocene – Middle Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Feldioara, quarry in the Baraolt Basin** — *Mammuthus trogontherii*; Middle Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). ### Bucharest - **Colentina (now a Bucharest district)** — *“Elephas antiquus”, variety ausonius (1924 identification)*. Scientific record (paper or database). ### Buzău County - **Vernești (probably in Buzău)** — *Deinotherium proavum*; Late Miocene. Only mentioned in a list. - **Valea Nucului, Berca** — *Mammuthus sp.*; Early Pleistocene (press estimate). Only mentioned in a list. ### Călărași County - **Codreni, Gurbănești** — *Mammuthus trogontherii*; Middle Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. ### Covasna County - **Debren, Sfântu Gheorghe Basin** — *Anancus arvernensis*; Pliocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Iarăș, Baraolt Basin** — *Anancus arvernensis, Mammut borsoni*; Pliocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Căpeni, Baraolt Basin** — *Mammut borsoni, Anancus arvernensis*; Pliocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Vârghiș, Baraolt Basin** — *Mammut borsoni, Anancus arvernensis*; Pliocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Araci, Baraolt Basin** — *Mammut borsoni, Anancus arvernensis*; Pliocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Ilieni** — *Anancus arvernensis*; Pliocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Zoltan, Ghidfalău** — *Mammuthus trogontherii*; Middle Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. ### Dolj County - **Cernătești and the Podari area** — *Mammuthus rumanus, Mammut borsoni, Anancus arvernensis*; about 3.2 million years (paleomagnetic correlation). Scientific record (paper or database). - **Leu, Frasin valley** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Early Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). ### Galați County - **Tulucești** — *Mammuthus rumanus, Mammut borsoni, Anancus arvernensis*; about 3.2 million years (paleomagnetic correlation). Scientific record (paper or database). ### Giurgiu County - **Prundu, Danube terrace** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Early Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Frătești** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Middle Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). ### Gorj County - **Covrigi, Văgiulești** — *Mammut borsoni, Anancus arvernensis*; Pliocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Groșerea, Gilort valley** — *Mammut borsoni, Anancus arvernensis*; Pliocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Mătăsari-Brădețu** — *Anancus arvernensis*; Pliocene. Only mentioned in a list. ### Iași County - **Deleni, Pietrăria Hill quarry** — *Deinotherium giganteum*; Miocene, Early Bessarabian stage. Scientific record (paper or database). ### Ilfov County - **Copăceni** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Early Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. - **Tânganu, Cernica commune** — *“Elephas antiquus”, variety germanicus (1924 identification)*. Scientific record (paper or database). ### Mehedinți County - **Husnicioara, open-cast coal pit** — *Mammut borsoni*; Pliocene. Only mentioned in a list. ### Olt County - **Izvoru (layer 1), Găneasa** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Early Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Milcovu din Vale, near Slatina** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Early Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). ### Prahova County - **Urlați** — *Mammuthus sp.*. Only mentioned in a list. ### Sălaj County - **Derșida, Bobota commune** — *Anancus arvernensis (possibly A. lehmanni)*; Late Miocene. Only mentioned in a list. ### Teleorman County - **Lisa, Calmățui valley** — *Anancus arvernensis, Mammuthus cf. rumanus*; Pliocene – Early Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Brebina, Scrioaștea commune** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Early Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Mavrodin** — *Mammuthus meridionalis, Mammuthus trogontherii*; Early Pleistocene – Middle Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. - **Peretu** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Early Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. - **Alexandria, brick factory** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Early Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. ### Timiș County - **Bazoș, Timiș riverbed** — *Mammuthus primigenius*; Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. ### Vâlcea County - **Tetoiu-Bugiulești, Oltet valley** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Pliocene – Early Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Fântâna lui Mitilan, near Irimești** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Early Pleistocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Ghioroiu** — *Mammuthus meridionalis*; Early Pleistocene. Only mentioned in a list. ### Vaslui County - **Drăxeni, La Nisiparie** — *Tetralophodon longirostris*; Middle Miocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Crețești, by the Crasna–Huși road** — *Choerolophodon pentelici*; Late Miocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Gherghești** — *Deinotherium proavum*; 7.6–6.1 million years. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Siliștea, Iana commune** — *Konobelodon sp.*; Late Miocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Hălărești, Iana commune** — *Mammut obliquelophus (cf.)*; Late Miocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Puiești** — *Mammut obliquelophus (cf.)*; Late Miocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Iana** — *Konobelodon sp.*; Late Miocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Banca** — *Konobelodon (?)*; Late Miocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Mânzați, Ibănești commune** — *Deinotherium proavum*; Late Miocene. Scientific record (paper or database). - **Mălușteni** — *Mammut borsoni, Anancus arvernensis*; Pliocene. Only mentioned in a list. The map shows the finds published in the sources read here. A county with no point may hold bones not yet found or not yet published. The straight-tusked elephant (*Palaeoloxodon antiquus*) appears here only through two identifications from 1924; we found no modern description of a find from Romania. ## Which of them were actually elephants? Mammoths are elephants. The deinothere, the mastodons and Anancus belong to older branches of the proboscideans, the “animals with a trunk”, which appeared before the mammoths; Anancus and Mammut borsoni lived for a while alongside the first mammoths. The rows below show the age of the layers where their bones were found here. - **About 12 million years ago** The oldest remains we found are Middle Miocene: a *Gomphotherium* and a *Deinotherium* at Birzavița, near Minișu de Sus (Arad). It is a database record, and its layer is dated two different ways; we say “about 12 million” and no more. A *Deinotherium* at Deleni (Iași), from a Bessarabian layer, has a less precise age. - **7.6–6.1 million years ago** The deinothere of Gherghești (Vaslui) comes from a layer correlated with the Maeotian, a regional stage dated between 7.6 and 6.1 million years ago. The age comes from correlating the layer, not from dating the bones. - **About 3.2 million years ago** The oldest securely dated mammoth remains in Europe come from Tulucești (Galați) and Cernătești (Dolj). The age is a paleomagnetic correlation reported in two review papers, from 2023 and 2024; the underlying study could not be consulted. A site in the Republic of Moldova lies at the same level. - **The Ice Age** The woolly mammoth is known from tusks and teeth kept in museums, some only fragments: Roșiori (Bihor, tentatively assigned), Zăbrani (Arad), Bazoș (Timiș). We found no radiocarbon date for any mammoth from Romania, so we cannot say when the last one lived. ## Stand next to them Pick an animal and your height. The dotted line shows where shoulder height is measured: at the top of the shoulder blade, with flesh on. Which was the biggest? It depends on what you measure and who does the measuring. By the average size in Asier Larramendi's calculations (2016), the order by mass is: *Mammut borsoni* (410 cm at the shoulder, 16 t), the straight-tusked elephant (400 cm, 13 t), the big mammoths (400 cm, 11 t) and only then the deinothere (365 cm, 10.5 t). For the other three it is the average of adult males; for the deinothere, the average of both sexes. Three reservations. All the values come from one author; newer studies repeat them. The order compares average-size estimates, not the largest individuals: for Deinotherium giganteum Larramendi gives up to 400 cm and 12 t, and for a Cretan deinothere, tentatively, 410 cm and over 14 t. From Romania we found no described skeleton of *Mammut borsoni*: we know a tooth, at Husnicioara, and other remains at Cernătești and in the Baraolt Basin. Its size comes from bones found in other countries, chiefly at Milia (Greece): the mean of 410 cm and 16 t rests on a single femur, and a composite restoration from two Milia individuals gives about 14 t. A magazine article gives 330–350 cm for one Milia bull, but says males of the species reached almost 4 m. And the Mânzați skeleton, 359 cm and 10.3 t, is a single animal, not the species average; its sex and age are not settled. The 4.5 m that circulates in the press about the Antipa skeleton (Historia, Ziarul Națiunea) cannot be compared with these heights. It is probably a measurement of the mounted skeleton, taken at a point the texts do not give, and Larramendi notes that many mounted skeletons come out too tall because the shoulder blades are set too low. Press the button above to see the difference. ### *Deinotherium proavum* — Late Miocene · deinothere The tusks grow from the lower jaw and curve downward; the upper jaw has none. The Mânzați skeleton, in the atrium of the Antipa museum, is restored at 359 cm and 10.3 t. The silhouette is *Deinotherium giganteum*. - Shoulder height: 359 cm - Mass: 10.3 t - Found in: Arad, Argeș, Bacău, Buzău, Iași, Vaslui - Age: Late Miocene; at Gherghești, 7.6–6.1 million years ago ### *Anancus arvernensis* — Pliocene · long-tusked relative Shorter than the others: about 2.5 m at the shoulder (the average of both sexes) and 5.2–6 t from a 3D restoration, a mass comparable to an ordinary adult male European woolly mammoth. The height comes from a magazine article and an encyclopedia, so it is the least certain on the list. - Shoulder height: 250 cm - Mass: 5.2–6 t - Found in: Covasna, Dolj, Galați, Gorj, Sălaj, Teleorman, Vaslui - Age: Pliocene, into the Early Pleistocene ### *Mammut borsoni* — Pliocene · mastodon In Romania there is a tooth, at Husnicioara, and other remains at Cernătești and in the Baraolt Basin. The size comes from bones found in other countries; the mean of 410 cm and 16 t rests on a single femur. The silhouette is an American mastodon, the closest free drawing available. - Shoulder height: 410 cm - Mass: 16 t - Found in: Covasna, Dolj, Galați, Gorj, Mehedinți, Vaslui - Age: Pliocene, 5.3–2.6 million years ago ### *Mammuthus meridionalis* — Late Pliocene · mammoth The best represented in Romania: the Dacian Basin, Vâlcea, Dolj, Teleorman. A skeleton from Italy was restored by two teams at about 4 m and 10.7–11.4 t. The steppe mammoth was almost the same size. - Shoulder height: 400 cm - Mass: 11 t - Found in: Argeș, Bihor, Brașov, Dolj, Giurgiu, Ilfov, Olt, Teleorman, Vâlcea - Age: Late Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene ### *Palaeoloxodon antiquus* — Pleistocene · elephant In Romania it appears in the texts read here only through two identifications from 1924, at Colentina and Tânganu; we found no modern description of a find. At Neumark-Nord (Germany) a restoration from two males gives 363 cm and 9.5 t, and a skull and shoulder blade about 10% larger suggest a male of at least 400 cm and about 13 t. - Shoulder height: 400 cm - Mass: 13 t - Found in: București, Ilfov - Age: Pleistocene ### *Mammuthus primigenius* — Late Pleistocene · mammoth The smallest of the big mammoths: about 315 cm and 6 t for the ordinary European male. In Romania, mostly tusk and tooth fragments kept in museums. - Shoulder height: 315 cm - Mass: 6 t - Found in: Arad, Bihor, Timiș - Age: Late Pleistocene ## How long were the tusks? No whole tusk found in Romania has a published length in the sources read here. The longest tusk ever measured on a proboscidean comes from Greece, from a species whose remains are also found here. The deinothere has only lower tusks, curving downward. The tusks of a specimen of *Prodeinotherium*, a smaller, older species found in Switzerland, measure 53.5 cm (left) and 47.5 cm (right); they are the only deinothere tusks measured in the sources read here. For an adult *Deinotherium* we found no published length. A 3.71 m *Anancus* tusk, attributed to a specimen from Stoina (Gorj), appears in an online encyclopedia with no scientific source we could read; that is why it is not on the ruler. - **Milia, the longest** (Mammut borsoni · Greece): 5.02 m - **Milia, the second** (Mammut borsoni · Greece): 4.58 m - **Milia, the third** (Mammut borsoni · Greece): 4.39 m - **Laiatico** (rumanus-type or meridionalis mammoth · Italy): 3.35 m - **Siliștea** (Konobelodon · Romania): 0.22 m The shape of the tusks is schematic; the length is the measured one. Those from Milia and Laiatico are upper tusks. The Milia lengths are measured along the outside of the curve; the source gives no straight-line length, and only the 4.39 m pair is described as almost straight. The Siliștea piece is a fragment of a lower tusk. ## Two geologists with the same surname named two of them Grigoriu Ștefănescu named the deinothere. Sabba Ștefănescu named a mammoth. They were two different men, and both names first appeared abroad. Grigoriu Ștefănescu (1836–1911) was the first professor of geology, mineralogy and palaeontology in Bucharest. In 1890 the Ministry of Education told him that the prefect of Tutova had reported large bones found at Mânzați. He set off at once for Bârlad, in mid-winter, on 28 January; the bones had already been broken up and shared among several neighbours. The digging went on for years; in 1906 a Belgian restorer, Louis de Pauw, mounted the skeleton in Bucharest. He proposed the name *Dinotherium gigantissimum* in August 1891, at a meeting of the Geological Society of America in Washington. The paper was read in French, followed by an oral summary in English; the text published in the 1892 volume is in English. The name rests on a molar received in 1878 from Găiceana, which had struck him as too large for the known species. Ștefănescu writes that the animal “may be named” *gigantissimum*: a cautious proposal, with no plate and no type specimen designated. The Antipa museum's guide says otherwise: the skeleton is “the type specimen on which it was described”, and a 2013 press release calls it the “holotype”. The 1892 paper does not say so, and two recent studies, from 2008 and 2024, give Găiceana as the type locality. We could not verify whether the 1895 monograph designates a type specimen. Recent studies, from 2024, treat the name *gigantissimum* as a junior synonym of *Deinotherium proavum*, a species described by Eichwald from Ukraine; some databases file it under *Deinotherium giganteum*, and a 2008 study kept the name *gigantissimum*. The Mânzați skeleton remains “celebrated”, as the 2024 study calls it, and Antipa shows it in its atrium. The museum's guide says individuals of 5 m in height existed, without saying what the 5 m measures. In Larramendi's scheme the largest class for the species, estimated at fewer than one animal in 100,000, stops at 4.56 m of shoulder height in life. The age and sex of the Mânzați animal are not settled either: Ștefănescu thought it a young female, Larramendi restores it as an adult male, and a 2008 study lists it among adults. Sabba Ștefănescu (1857–1931), professor of palaeontology in Bucharest from 1905, published in December 1924, in Paris, a short note of about a page in which he calls a molar from Tulucești (Galați) “an ancestral mutation of *Elephas antiquus*”, named *rumanus*. He adds that he will not dwell on its characters for now. It was not the name of a mammoth. The name was later moved to the genus *Mammuthus*. Not everyone agrees: a Russian researcher, following a 2008 study, treats it as a form of the straight-tusked elephant, and a 2023 review reports a proposal to assign most early Eurasian specimens only to the genus *Mammuthus*, without a species. No: the name from Romania came after those of the woolly, southern and steppe mammoths. What is true is something else: the oldest securely dated mammoth remains in Europe come from Tulucești and Cernătești. ### Sabba Ștefănescu and the first mammoth ### Was it the first European mammoth to be named? Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799), Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825), Mammuthus trogontherii (Pohlig, 1885), Mammuthus rumanus (Ștefănescu, 1924) ## True or false? Eight sentences. Some sound like a story and are true; others sound like common knowledge and are not. - **The deinothere had its tusks in the upper jaw, like elephants today.** False. A deinothere's tusks grew from the lower jaw and curved downward. The upper jaw had none. ([Konidaris et al. 2024, PalZ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-024-00688-8)) - **When the professor reached Mânzați, villagers had already broken up and shared out the bones.** True. In 1890, at Mânzați, several people had already taken parts of the animal's head. Ștefănescu set off for Bârlad in mid-winter, on 28 January, by his own account. ([Ștefănescu 1892; Muzeul Universității din București](https://muzeu.unibuc.ro/ro/stefanescu-gregoriu-grigore/)) - **The name Dinotherium gigantissimum was given on the Mânzați skeleton.** False. It was given on a molar received in 1878 from Găiceana. The Mânzați skeleton came to light only in 1890, and today's papers give Găiceana as the type locality. ([Ștefănescu 1892; Konidaris et al. 2024](https://archive.org/details/sim_geological-society-of-america-bulletin_1892_3)) - **The first European mammoth to be given a name was described in Romania.** False. The woolly mammoth was named in 1799, the southern mammoth in 1825, the steppe mammoth in 1885. The name from Romania, rumanus, dates from 1924, after all three. ([Nume verificate în PBDB; Nesti 1825; Pohlig 1885](https://paleobiodb.org/)) - **The oldest securely dated mammoth remains in Europe come from Romania.** True. Two review papers place them at Tulucești and Cernătești, about 3.2 million years ago, by paleomagnetic correlation. A site in Moldova sits at the same level. ([Spassov 2024; Iannucci & Sardella 2023](https://doi.org/10.3390/quat7040043)) - **The 4.5 m in the press about the Antipa skeleton is its shoulder height.** False. The estimate of shoulder height in the flesh is 3.59 m. The 4.5 m has no stated measuring point and looks like the height of the mounted skeleton; the estimate's author notes that many mounted skeletons come out too tall. ([Larramendi 2016, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica](https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00136.2014)) - **The longest proboscidean tusk ever measured was found in Romania.** False. It was found at Milia, in Greece: 5.02 m, on a Mammut borsoni, a species whose remains are also found here. No whole tusk from Romania has a published length in the sources read here. ([Mol & van Logchem 2009; Larramendi 2016](https://depositsmag.com/2024/01/06/the-mastodon-of-milia-the-longest-tusks-in-the-world/)) - **Every animal in this story was an elephant.** False. Mammoths are elephants. The deinothere, the mastodons and Anancus belong to older branches of proboscideans, the animals with a trunk. ([Larramendi 2016; Konidaris et al. 2024](https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00136.2014)) ## Where the bones are kept The museums below hold material from Romania, according to the texts read. Not all of them display it all the time; ask before you travel. We found no information about proboscideans on the own pages of the National Geological Museum or the Babeș-Bolyai University museums in Cluj, so they are not listed here; that does not mean they hold no pieces. - **Bucharest, Antipa museum** The Mânzați skeleton, in the ground-floor atrium, beside a skeleton of a young Indian elephant. - **Bârlad, “Vasile Pârvan” Museum** Material from six Late Miocene localities in Vaslui, among them the Gherghești deinothere. - **Craiova, Museum of Oltenia** A partial skull of a young *Mammuthus meridionalis* from Ghioroiu (Vâlcea) and the bones from Leu (Dolj). - **Roșiorii de Vede, “Petre Voivozeanu” Museum** The partial *Mammuthus meridionalis* skeleton from Brebina (Teleorman). - **Oradea, Museum of the Crișuri Country** The tusk fragment from Roșiori, tentatively assigned to the woolly mammoth. - **Arad, Timișoara, Buzău, Ploiești** Mammoth teeth and fragments in museum collections: the molar from Zăbrani (Arad), the mammoth from the Timiș river at Bazoș, the tooth from Valea Nucului (Buzău), the molar from Urlați (Prahova). ## How we know all this The maps and lists come from the Paleobiology Database, from scientific papers and from museum and press texts. The database is wrong in a few places: a site in Ukraine was filed under Romania, one in Brașov was placed 149 km away, in Alba, another carried the coordinates of a neighbouring village, and six localities were merged into a single point. The coordinates were checked against the place names and corrected; a point falls inside the county the source names, with two exceptions by the border (Păgaia and Copăceni, less than 2 km from it). Almost all heights and masses are estimates for the living animal from Larramendi (2016), including the Mânzați skeleton, restored by him from Ștefănescu's own measurements. Exceptions: the straight-tusked elephant (Larramendi and colleagues, 2017), the Scoppito mammoth and the mass of Anancus (Romano and colleagues, 2022 and 2023), while the height of Anancus comes from a magazine article and an encyclopedia. Newer studies cite Larramendi's values, so they are not independent; the only independent checks are the 3D restorations of the Scoppito mammoth and of Anancus. We found no tusk length measured on a whole bone from Romania. A few important papers could not be opened, because their servers refuse the request: the 2013 paleomagnetic study behind the 3.2 million-year age, the 2003 description of *Mammuthus rumanus*, Codrea's 2008 review of Transylvania and Ștefănescu's 1895 monograph. Where we rely on them through another paper, the text says so. - Konidaris, Rățoi, Badea, Ursachi (2024). New proboscidean specimens from the Late Miocene of Romania. PalZ 98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-024-00688-8 — the Gherghești deinothere, Konobelodon, “Mammut” cf. obliquelophus; Găiceana as type locality; the Siliștea tusk - Markov (2008). The Turolian proboscideans (Mammalia) of Europe: preliminary observations. Historia naturalis bulgarica 19. https://zenodo.org/record/4043727 — the type locality of D. proavum, in Ukraine; Găiceana and Mânzați - Rădulescu, Samson, Petculescu, Știucă (2003). Pliocene large mammals of Romania. Coloquios de Paleontología, vol. ext. 1. https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/COPA/article/download/COPA0303220549A/29334/30495 — Mălușteni, Cernătești, Tetoiu, Slatina; Pliocene mastodons and mammoths - Codrea, Diaconu (2007). Mammut borsoni from the Early Pliocene of Husnicioara. Studia UBB Geologia 52. https://doi.org/10.5038/1937-8602.52.2.9 — the Mammut borsoni tooth from Husnicioara - Codrea, Veress, Posmoșanu (2025). The Pleistocene vertebrates identified in Roșiori (Bihor County). Nymphaea. https://nymphaea.mtariicrisurilor.ro/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/1-VLAD-CODREA-LASZLO-VERESS-ERIKA-POSMOSANU.pdf — the mammoth tusk from Roșiori; Sălard, Ciubulcut, Galoșpetreu - Vasile, Cojocaru, Torcărescu (2019). A partial Mammuthus meridionalis skeleton from Brebina (Teleorman County). Buletinul Muzeului Județean Teleorman 11. https://www.muzeulteleorman.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/01_Vasile-et-al_BMJT-11-2019.pdf — the Brebina skeleton and the list of Dacian Basin sites - Popescu (2011). The tarsals of Mammuthus meridionalis from Leu (Dolj County). Geo-Eco-Marina 17. https://zenodo.org/records/56933 — the Leu bones, held by the Museum of Oltenia - Paleobiology Database, Proboscidea collections in Romania, downloaded 19 September 2026; coordinates checked against place names. https://paleobiodb.org/ — the base of the map above, with the corrections described in the method text - Larramendi (2016). Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61(3). https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00136.2014 — shoulder heights and masses; the Mânzați skeleton: 359 cm and 10.3 t; Mammut borsoni, Mammuthus, Palaeoloxodon - Larramendi, Palombo, Marano (2017). Reconstructing the life appearance of a Pleistocene giant: Palaeoloxodon antiquus from Neumark-Nord 1. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 56. https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/01_Larramendi_et_al_2017_BSPI_563.pdf — the straight-tusked elephant: 363 cm and 9.5 t for one skeleton; 400 cm and 13 t for the largest male - Romano, Manucci, Antonelli, Rossi, Agostini, Palombo (2022). In vivo restoration and volumetric body mass estimate of Mammuthus meridionalis from Scoppito. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 128. https://doi.org/10.54103/2039-4942/16665 — the second, independent restoration of the mass: 11.4 t - Romano, Bellucci, Antonelli, Manucci, Palombo (2023). Body mass estimate of Anancus arvernensis: comparison of the regression and volumetric methods. Journal of Quaternary Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3549 — the mass of Anancus, 5.2–6 t (abstract read) - Mol, van Logchem (2009). The mastodon of Milia: the longest tusks in the world. Deposits. https://depositsmag.com/2024/01/06/the-mastodon-of-milia-the-longest-tusks-in-the-world/ — the 4.39, 4.58 and 5.02 m tusks from Milia, in Greece - Ștefănescu, G. (1892). On the existence of the Dinotherium in Roumania. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 3. https://archive.org/details/sim_geological-society-of-america-bulletin_1892_3 — the name Dinotherium gigantissimum, the Găiceana molar, the discovery at Mânzați - Ștefănescu, S. (1924). Sur la présence de l'Elephas planifrons et de trois mutations de l'Elephas antiquus dans les couches géologiques de Roumanie. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 179. https://archive.org/details/comptes-rendus-hebdomadaires-academie-des-sciences_1924-12-15_179_24 — the name rumanus and the locality Tulucești - Iannucci, Sardella (2023). What does the “Elephant-Equus” event mean today? Quaternary 6(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/quat6010016 — the 3.2 million-year age for Cernătești and Tulucești; the open taxonomy of early mammoths - Spassov (2024). The final Pliocene and Early Pleistocene faunal dispersals from east to Europe. Quaternary 7(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/quat7040043 — the paleomagnetic correlation of the Tulucești and Cernătești sites - Mashchenko (2010). Evolution of the elephants of the mammoth lineage in the Northern Caucasus. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 314(2). https://www.zin.ru/journals/trudyzin/doc/vol_314_2/TZ_314_2_Mashchenko.pdf — the reclassification of rumanus as a straight-tusked elephant form (Obadă 2008) - Grigoriu Ștefănescu (1836–1911), biography page (in Romanian). https://www.independentaromana.ro/grigoriu-stefanescu/ — date of birth, 10 February 1836, and of death, 1911 - University of Bucharest Museum, page on Gregoriu Ștefănescu; Ion Sabba Ștefănescu, page on Sabba Ștefănescu (both in Romanian). https://muzeu.unibuc.ro/ro/stefanescu-gregoriu-grigore/ — posts, the winter of 1890 at Bârlad, Ștefănescu's own words; the birth year is 1838 in the page title and 1836 in other sources - Gagliardi, Maridet, Becker (2021). The record of Deinotheriidae from the Miocene of the Swiss Jura Mountains. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.10.244061 — the Prodeinotherium tusks: 53.5 cm (left) and 47.5 cm (right) - Historia, “The Deinotherium gigantissimum skeleton, unique in the world”; Ziarul Națiunea, 9 Oct 2018 (both in Romanian). https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/scheletul-de-deinotherium-gigantissimum-unicat-in-lume — the 4.5 m and 3.5 m that circulate in the press for the Antipa skeleton - Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History, permanent exhibition guide, ground floor (in Romanian). https://antipa.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Ghid-accesibilizat-Parter.pdf — the skeleton in the atrium, “type specimen”, “individuals of 5 m” - Antipa museum, press release of 24 October 2013, republished on comunicatedepresa.ro (in Romanian). https://www.comunicatedepresa.ro/muzeul-national-de-istorie-naturala/gigantul-taramurilor-noastre-deinotherium-gigantissimum — “holotype”, the 1906 mounting - Ziarul Națiunea, 30 Nov 2023 and 16 Apr 2020; Special Arad, 26 May 2026; Ziua de Vest; Antena 3 CNN (all in Romanian). https://ziarulnatiunea.ro/2023/11/30/craniul-fosil-de-mamut-juvenil-descoperit-la-ghioroiu-jud-valcea-are-16-milioane-de-ani/ — where the material is kept (Craiova, Arad, Timișoara, Buzău, Ploiești)