# The 1966 Florence flood: books, art and work still unfinished

*Florence, Italy · 4 November 1966 · 4 November 1966 · Arno basin*

On 4 November 1966, water and fuel oil ran through Florence. The map fixes the official flood footprint. The books’ documented route begins at the railway heating plant and reaches Forte Belvedere; today, about 30,000 miscellany units remain inaccessible while the library works to recover their bibliographic identities.

[Ediția în română](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/)

![The official 1966 flood footprint, the present-day Arno centerline for orientation only, and verified water-mark points.](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/assets/locator.46821748cbeb.svg)

*Rust: the official 1966 flood footprint. Blue: the present-day Arno centerline, for orientation only.*

Flood footprint: [Open the Comune’s 1966 layer](https://opendata.comune.fi.it/page_dataset_show?id=7b27687e-1538-4bb8-a803-952f07560070) · Arno Basin Authority district flood data via Comune di Firenze open data (CC BY 4.0) · CC BY 4.0.

Current orientation only: [OpenStreetMap](https://www.openstreetmap.org/export/embed.html?bbox=11.248%2C43.765%2C11.262%2C43.772&layer=mapnik) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL); Arno centerline, current orientation only · extract 2026-10-05.

## Rain fell across several basins, and river flow depends on the station

*3–4 November 1966 · Arno basin*

Exceptional rain on 3 and 4 November 1966 swelled the Arno and rivers in neighbouring Tuscan basins. [V01](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V01) [V13](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V13)

The Comune di Firenze reports a basin average of 160 mm over 24 hours. Local peaks reached 250–300 mm. [V01](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V01)

The De Marchi commission gives a little over 200 mm basin-wide over about 28 hours. Its window and method differ; both sources describe the same storm. [V13](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V13)

The 751 mm maximum over 48 hours belongs to Barcis, in the northeastern Alps — not Casentino. For the Arno basin, the study gives more than 300 mm over two days. [V01](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V01)

Peak flow changes with the station. The Comune di Firenze reports 4,100 m³/s at Nave di Rovezzano; the official hydrological yearbook records 3,540 m³/s at Nave di Rosano. These are different stations, and the published records do not support reading them as one settled flow for the city. [V08](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V08)

**Allegation and inquiry · What the inquiry says about Levane.** In 1966, allegations surfaced about the operation of the Levane and La Penna dams. Accounts of the court-appointed experts’ conclusion say they excluded dam responsibility; recent hydraulic modelling by the University of Florence reaches the same conclusion. The original expert report has not been located; the controversy remains part of the inquiry, not a proven explanation for the flood. [V09](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V09)

| Flow | Station | Source |
| ---: | --- | --- |
| 4,100 m³/s | Nave di Rovezzano | Comune di Firenze |
| 3,540 m³/s | Nave di Rosano | Official hydrological yearbook, 1969 |

*Two values, two named stations. Neither is detached from its measurement place.* [V08](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V08)

![Flood aftermath along an Arno embankment in Florence.](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/assets/images/v01-all2.8b4fd0af433161fe.jpg)

*Archival view of Florence after the November 1966 flood.*

Ricce · file dated 29 May 2009 · 3264 × 2214 px. [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:All2.jpg) · [Public domain · live PD template and visible status verified](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Licensing) ([V01](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V01)).

## Water reached different heights; the death toll also depends on the register

*The city, measured street by street*

Water left marks at different heights. Civil Protection records 4.92 m on Via dei Neri; at Santa Croce’s refectory, the level is 5.02 m. The Uffizi reports about 6 m at the Cimabue Crucifix’s location. Each height stays tied to its place. [V03](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V03) [V16](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V16)

The prefectural list commemorated by the municipality counts 35 deaths in Florence and its province: 17 in the city, 18 in the province. [V11](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V11)

CNR-IRPI counts 47 in Tuscany, including 38 in Florence province. Venice stays outside both totals. [V11](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V11)

| Deaths | Area | Detail |
| ---: | --- | --- |
| 35 | Florence and its province | Prefectural list: 17 in the city, 18 in the province. |
| 47 | Tuscany | CNR-IRPI count includes 38 in Florence province. |

*35 in the prefectural register for the city and province; 47 in CNR’s Tuscany-wide assessment.* [V11](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V11)

![Piazza San Marco flooded in Venice on 4 November 1966.](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/assets/images/v10-piazza-san-marco.50281b21c62a31c9.jpg)

*Venice: a separate event on the same day.*

Unknown author · file dated 4 November 1966 · 1200 × 800 px. [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Piazza_San_Marco_il_4_novembre_1966.jpg) · [Public domain · live PD template and visible status verified](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Licensing) ([V10](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V10)).

## Almost one million bibliographic units, of several kinds

*Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze*

The Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze (BNCF), Florence’s central national library, describes almost one million affected bibliographic units. [V11](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V11)

Its 2026 breakdown: about 300,000 books, 460,000 volumes of newspapers and periodicals, and 400,000 pamphlet units. The library does not call all of them “books”; the categories stay separate, without a more precise total than the one it publishes. [V11](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V11)

The first washing and drying began at Florence railway station’s central heating plant. [V03](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V03) [V06](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V06)

The books were then dried and stored at Forte Belvedere. Fortezza da Basso hosted the separate art-restoration operation. [V03](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V03) [V06](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V06)

Rescue took the shape of a work sequence: sorting and collation, disbinding, washing and other wet treatments, paper repair, sewing, rebinding. This production-line effort helped make high-volume book conservation an institutional practice. [V05](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V05)

1. **Railway heating plant** — The first washing and drying operation.
2. **Forte Belvedere** — Subsequent drying and storage.
Separate art-restoration operation: Fortezza da Basso

*The documented route for the books: the railway heating plant, then Forte Belvedere.* [V06](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V06)

![Library manuscripts are washed after the Florence flood.](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/assets/images/v03-national-library.9ab7313b6b6e5faf.jpg)

*A UNESCO photograph of the library’s washing and drying operation.*

Dominique Roger / Adam Cuerden · file dated 1966 · 5635 × 4225 px. [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Library_manuscripts_being_washed_in_Florence_after_the_1966_flood_of_the_Arno_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO_0000001407_0001_-_Restoration.jpg) · [CC BY-SA 3.0 igo](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/deed.en) ([V03](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V03)).

## Cimabue’s Crucifix lost about 60% of its painted surface

*Santa Croce · Uffizi*

Water, fuel oil and mud left different marks on the artworks. Santa Croce and the Uffizi estimate that the Crucifix by Cimabue, a Florentine painter, lost about 60% of its painted surface. The figure describes this one work. [V02](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V02)

For movable works as a whole, CNR uses a broad estimate: about 1,500 affected objects. [V06](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V06) [V11](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V11)

The inventory has limits. It does not automatically include frescoes, furnishings, liturgical objects or every architectural surface. [V06](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V06) [V11](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V11)

The Uffizi’s photographs and recovery lists preserve uneven damage and specific interventions. They show the scale without combining unlike collections and categories under one denominator. [V05](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V05) [V06](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V06)

![Cimabue’s Crucifix at Santa Croce before the 1966 flood.](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/assets/images/v02-before.dc1da25afc64253f.jpg)

*Before the flood.*

Ismoon · file dated 26 June 2019 · 1800 × 2228 px. [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crucifix._Cimabue._Santa_Croce_before_1966.jpg) · [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0) ([V02](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V02)).

![Cimabue’s Crucifix after the 1966 Florence flood.](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/assets/images/v02-after.f38d1d99e80e69a5.jpg)

*After the flood: about 40% of the painted surface remained.*

The Yorck Project · file dated file date not stated · 2024 × 2449 px. [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cimabue_021.jpg) · [Public domain · reproduction and underlying term checked](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Licensing) ([V02](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V02)).

## “Mud Angels” became the name for a mass mobilisation

*Thousands from Italy and abroad*

Thousands of volunteers came from Italy and abroad. They cleared mud and recovered books and artworks. Institutional accounts support the scale of the mobilisation, not a complete census. [V04](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V04)

Angeli del fango — “Mud Angels” — became their name later. Giovanni Grazzini is often credited with the phrase, but its exact first use remains disputed. [V04](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V04)

The name’s origin remains disputed; institutional accounts preserve the documented work: mud cleared, books and artworks recovered. [V04](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V04)

Thousands of volunteers cleared mud and recovered material. There is no complete census of their exact number or countries of origin.

*A photograph of mud-removal work, November 1966.* [V04](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V04)

![Volunteers clear mud and debris in Florence, November 1966.](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/assets/images/v04-angeli-del-fango.b60552b9dd25f716.jpg)

*Volunteers at work in the days after the flood.*

Raga Salvatore · file dated 23 January 2018 · 536 × 401 px. [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angeli_del_fango.jpg) · [Public domain · live PD template and visible status verified](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Licensing) ([V04](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V04)).

## The flood accelerated modern conservation; it did not create it

*A process that began before the flood*

Ugo Procacci’s modern restoration cabinet had existed at the Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Italy’s state restoration institute, since 1932, more than three decades before the flood. [V07](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V07)

The works’ immersion sharply increased the volume of work and collaboration. Pressure also grew to formalise scientific and high-volume conservation methods. [V07](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V07)

The modern Opificio took shape in 1975 by merging the historic institution with Procacci’s cabinet. [V07](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V07)

Vasari’s Last Supper at Santa Croce spent more than 48 hours underwater. Its restoration ended with the work’s return in 2016. [V07](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V07)

**1932** — Ugo Procacci’s modern restoration cabinet
**1966** — Exceptional volume and wider collaboration
**1975** — Merger that forms the modern Opificio

*1932: Procacci’s cabinet. 1966: the crisis expands the work. 1975: the Opificio merger.* [V07](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V07)

## 30,000 units remain inaccessible because their identities were lost

*The BNCF project in 2026*

The BNCF says about 30,000 miscellany units remain inaccessible: their shelfmarks or bibliographic identities were lost. [V14](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V14)

A project begun in 2026 is working to identify them and restore their place in the catalogue. [V14](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V14)

The figure tracks identification and access; it does not count material left physically unrestored. Physical treatment and bibliographic recovery are different kinds of work. [V14](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V14)

**30,000 miscellany units.** The BNCF is working on identification and access; this is not a count of material left physically unrestored.

*30,000 units without secure bibliographic identities: work on identification and access.* [V14](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V14)

## Urban protection was declared complete; the Arno basin was not

*Status on 30 September 2026*

On 30 September 2026, the Comune di Firenze declared its urban Arno protection system complete. [V15](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V15)

The package covers about 4.5 km of riverbank interventions, parapets, permanent containment and removable panels. The panels depend on forecasts and timely installation. [V15](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V15)

Upstream, works around Figline — Restone, Pizziconi, Prulli and Leccio — and the raising of Levane remain in design or implementation. Protection has improved and risk has been reduced; risk has not been eliminated, and the whole basin has not been declared safe against every event. [V15](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V15) [V09](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V09)

In Venice, the tide separately reached 194 cm at 18:00 on the same day. Another city, another water system: that figure stays outside Florence’s flood tally. [V10](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V10)

**City · 30 Sep 2026 · Urban system declared complete.** About 4.5 km of interventions, parapets and removable panels.

**Basin · design and implementation · Upstream work continues.** Protection has improved; risk has not been eliminated.

*An urban protection scheme declared complete and a basin programme still under way.* [V15](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V15) [V10](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V10)

![A Florence plaque marks a water level from the flood.](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/assets/images/v16-flooding-plate.b8b28220985bc427.jpg)

*A water-level marker from the 1966 flood.*

Sailko · file dated 1 January 2005 (according to EXIF data) · 1200 × 1600 px. [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alluvione_di_firenze,_flooding_plate.JPG) · [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) ([V16](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V16)).

## Sources and their limits

The figures retain each source’s geography and method. The selected photographs have verified file records and credits; the register shows what each source supports and where it stops.

Measurements are kept by station, counts by geography, and physical damage apart from problems of identification and access. The historic map uses the Comune di Firenze’s official layer; OpenStreetMap geometry is for present-day orientation only, labelled current and dated at extraction. [V12](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V12) [V15](https://mariuscomper.uk/inundatia-din-florenta-1966/en/#source-V15)

### V01 · Flood archive photographs and rainfall context

The Uffizi archive guides image selection; the Comune’s official figures and the meteorological reconstruction give the rainfall context.

- [Uffizi — flood damage](https://www.uffizi.it/en/artworks/1966-flood-damages-to-art-in-florence)

- [Comune di Firenze — hydraulic risk](https://protezionecivile.comune.fi.it/pagina/rischio-idraulico)

- [Malguzzi et al., 2006](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2006JD007111)

### V02 · Cimabue’s Crucifix

Santa Croce and the Uffizi document the loss of painted surface and the work’s history.

- [Santa Croce — Cimabue Crucifix](https://www.santacroceopera.it/en/catalogue-of-works/cimabue-crucifix/)

- [Uffizi — damage records](https://www.uffizi.it/en/artworks/1966-flood-damages-to-art-in-florence)

### V03 · Water mark and book rescue

Civil Protection identifies the Via dei Neri mark; the BNCF documents the rescue locations.

- [Dipartimento della Protezione Civile — Florence flood](https://servizio-nazionale.protezionecivile.gov.it/it/pagina-base/lalluvione-di-firenze/)

- [BNCF — the 1966 flood](https://bncf.cultura.gov.it/biblioteca/lalluvione-del-1966/)

### V04 · Volunteers and their name

Institutional accounts support the participation of thousands of volunteers; the phrase’s exact origin remains disputed.

- [RAI Cultura — the Florence flood](https://www.raicultura.it/speciali/lalluvionedifirenze)

- [University of Florence — Mud Angels archive](https://www.sba.unifi.it/p1658.html)

- [Corriere Fiorentino — account of the phrase](https://corrierefiorentino.corriere.it/alluvione-firenze-1966-2016/notizie/firenze-l-alluvione-1966-cosi-capelloni-diventarono-angeli-2ecfca98-99d1-11e6-b614-f99c5a5e5290)

### V05 · Photographs and the art recovery inventory

The Uffizi photographic archive and recovery list provide visual and inventory evidence with defined scope.

- [Uffizi — photographic archive](https://www.uffizi.it/en/artworks/1966-flood-damages-to-art-in-florence)

- [Uffizi — Gli Uffizi, la città e l’Arno](https://shop.uffizi.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/9788883479953-Gli-uffizi_la-citta%CC%80-e-l-arno_alluvione_marchini_procacci_ASSAGGIO.pdf)

### V06 · BNCF’s damaged material and rescue route

The BNCF’s institutional history describes the material, treatment sequence and locations used.

- [BNCF — Italian account](https://bncf.cultura.gov.it/biblioteca/lalluvione-del-1966/)

- [BNCF — English account](https://bncf.cultura.gov.it/en/library/the-flood-of-1966/)

- [BNCF — restoration laboratory archive](https://bncf.cultura.gov.it/risorse/inventario-dellarchivio-del-laboratorio-di-restauro-1966-1975/)

### V07 · Opificio history and Vasari’s Last Supper

The Opificio describes modern restoration’s antecedents and the restoration of Vasari’s work.

- [Opificio delle Pietre Dure — institute history](https://opificiodellepietredure.cultura.gov.it/en/the-institute/)

- [Opificio — from flood to restoration](https://opificiodellepietredure.cultura.gov.it/pubblicazioni/dallalluvione-alla-rinascita-il-restauro-dellultima-cena-di-giorgio-vasari/)

### V08 · Peak flow at two stations

The Comune di Firenze and the official hydrological yearbook publish values at different stations.

- [Comune di Firenze — Nave di Rovezzano](https://protezionecivile.comune.fi.it/pagina/rischio-idraulico)

- [1969 hydrological yearbook — Nave di Rosano](https://www.sir.toscana.it/supports/download/annali/annale_idrologico_1969_parte_seconda.pdf)

### V09 · Levane allegations and the experts’ conclusion

Sources show that allegations existed and relay the experts’ conclusion; the original report was not located.

- [Chamber of Deputies — 18 November 1966 record](https://documenti.camera.it/_dati/leg04/lavori/stenografici/sed0557/sed0557.pdf)

- [L’Unità — 19 May 1968 report](https://archivio.unita.news/assets/derived/1968/05/19/issue_full.pdf)

- [University of Florence — Levane hydraulic model](https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1413634)

### V10 · Venice, 4 November 1966

The Comune di Venezia records the exceptional tide level separately.

- [Comune di Venezia — exceptional high tides](https://www.comune.venezia.it/it/content/le-acque-alte-eccezionali/)

- [Comune di Venezia — characteristic tide values](https://www.comune.venezia.it/it/content/valori-caratteristici-marea-venezia-il-periodo-1872-2015)

### V11 · Victim and damaged-material figures

The Comune, CNR, BNCF and Uffizi publish counts with their own geographies and categories.

- [Comune di Firenze — victim commemoration](https://www.comune.firenze.it/novita/area-stampa/comunicati-stampa/59deg-anniversario-dellalluvione-le-iniziative-del-comune-e)

- [CNR-IRPI POLARIS — November 1966](https://polaris.irpi.cnr.it/novembre-1966/)

- [BNCF — affected bibliographic material](https://bncf.cultura.gov.it/comunicati_stampa/libri-alluvionati-e-progetti-di-comunita-cittadini-e-studenti-insieme-per-il-recupero-di-30-000-volumi-ancora-inaccessibili/)

### V12 · Official 1966 flood GIS footprint

The Comune dataset derives the historic water footprint from depth contours and declares a CC BY 4.0 licence.

- [Comune di Firenze Open Data — flooded areas, 1966](https://opendata.comune.fi.it/page_dataset_show?id=7b27687e-1538-4bb8-a803-952f07560070)

- [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

### V13 · Timeline of rain, flood and inquiry

The De Marchi report, hydrological yearbook and parliamentary record distinguish event dates from report dates.

- [De Marchi commission — contemporary report](https://old.censu.it/wp-content/uploads/demarchi/Volume%20Secondo-Parte%20Seconda.pdf)

- [Hydrological yearbook — measurements](https://www.sir.toscana.it/supports/download/annali/annale_idrologico_1969_parte_seconda.pdf)

- [Chamber of Deputies — 18 November 1966 debate](https://documenti.camera.it/_dati/leg04/lavori/stenografici/sed0557/sed0557.pdf)

### V14 · BNCF project for still-inaccessible units

The BNCF’s May 2026 notice describes lost shelfmarks and identification and cataloguing work.

- [BNCF — 30,000 still-inaccessible volumes](https://bncf.cultura.gov.it/comunicati_stampa/libri-alluvionati-e-progetti-di-comunita-cittadini-e-studenti-insieme-per-il-recupero-di-30-000-volumi-ancora-inaccessibili/)

### V15 · Urban defences and basin works

The municipality’s 30 September notice and regional acts describe different areas and project stages.

- [Comune di Firenze — urban system declared complete, 30 September 2026](https://www.comune.firenze.it/riscossioneonline/novita/area-stampa/comunicati-stampa/firenze-piu-sicura-60-anni-da-alluvione-completato-sistema)

- [Regione Toscana — works commissioner](https://www.regione.toscana.it/-/commissario-straordinario-delegato-per-la-realizzazione-degli-interventi-di-mitigazione-del-rischio-idrogeologico-in-regione-toscana)

- [Tuscany official bulletin, 4 March 2026](https://www.regione.toscana.it/documents/d/guest/parte-i-n-13-del-04-03-2026)

### V16 · Flood-level plaques

Physical points must be matched to the official Via dei Neri level and the plaques’ actual locations.

- [Civil Protection — the 4.92 m mark](https://servizio-nazionale.protezionecivile.gov.it/it/pagina-base/lalluvione-di-firenze/)

- [Commons — plaque category](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plaques_for_the_1966_flood_of_Florence_water_level)