# Why are Wallachia's oldest monasteries where they are?

Drop three marks on the map where you think they stood. Then let the charters place them, in the order they appear in the documents, and try the explanations one by one.

## Where do you think they stood?

The map shows only the relief and the rivers between the Carpathians and the Danube, without borders. In the 14th century, Wallachia had no fixed outline: the prince's power rested on ties with local communities and boyars, and its extent took shape gradually.

Drop three marks where you think the first monasteries were raised.

## The order in which they appear in the documents

Each dot appears in the year of the first surviving document that names the monastery. Filled dots carry a date written in the act; hollow ones have a date supplied by the editors from the content. By 1500 the documents attest 16 houses and a licence to build one more, at Licura; 14 of them can be placed on the map.

The year on the map is not a founding year. It is the first time a monastery enters the written record; it may be much older.

## In the hills and the plain, not in the mountains

Of the 14 houses attested by 1500 and placed on the map, 10 stand in the hills, four in the plain, none in the mountains, above 800 metres. The highest is Bistrița, at the foot of the mountains.

The plain is not empty: Snagov, on a lake, Bolintin, "in the great forest", Glavacioc and Târgșor all appear before 1500.

And the first on the list, Vodița, stands on the very bank of the Danube.

## Did they guard the passes to Transylvania?

Of the houses attested by 1500, Cozia and, if its identification holds, Ostrov, next to it, lie in the Olt corridor to Transylvania, and Vodița near the Iron Gates. On the roads from Rucăr to Bran and along the Prahova, none appears in this period.

No charter read gives a monastery a guarding task. Where the link to the passes appears, it is about money: in 1415 Mircea gives Cozia the customs at Genune, and the customs exemption for its carts, given around 1406 (editors' dating) and again in 1419, is renewed in 1451 "at markets, at fords or on the mountain roads".

**The documents do not support it.**

## Did they keep away from the Danube, for fear of the Ottomans?

The chronology does not fit. Vodița (about 1374), Tismana (1385), Cozia and Cotmeana (1388) are in the documents before the Ottomans held fortresses on the Danube: Nicopolis was theirs at the siege of 1396, the tsardom of Vidin ended that same year, and Giurgiu was taken in 1417 or, by more recent research, in 1420. Vodița is on the Danube itself.

Later, the Danube brings monasteries income: Tismana receives the Calafat customs (1480), and Bolintin is exempted from customs at Brăila, Dârstor and Giurgiu (between 1479 and 1480). A charter of Mircea's from 1409 is written at Giurgiu itself.

**The dates show no avoidance of the Danube.**

## Did they stand close to the prince?

Charters say where they were written. In the first volume of Wallachian documents, the oldest act dated at Argeș is from 1369, at Târgoviște from 1418, at Bucharest from 1459. Of the 14 houses on the map attested by 1500, 12 lie within 61 kilometres of Argeș or Târgoviște; the farthest of them is Snagov.

The two outside are Vodița and Tismana, in the west, more than 130 kilometres away. Snagov is also borderline in time: its first charter, placed by the editors between 1407 and 1418, may be older than the first act dated at Târgoviște.

It is the clearest pattern on the map, but it misleads in one respect: we see the monasteries through the prince's grants, so we mostly see the prince's monasteries. And proximity does not say why they were founded there.

**The best fit, with a caveat.**

## What ties the two in the west together?

Vodița and Tismana appear in the same acts. Dan I's charter of 1385 requires that "the rule and custom of Nicodim" be kept at Tismana. From 1387 the two are confirmed together, in the same act of Mircea's.

The king of Hungary, Sigismund, grants the monks of Vodița free passage in 1418, then protects both houses, in acts the editors date to 1419 and 1428; the 1419 act is written at Vodița itself. The acts tie both to Severin and to the neighbouring kingdom.

**It explains the western pair, not the rest.**

## Were they seeking the forest and solitude?

Only one charter says so plainly: Bolintin is "the monastery in the great forest" (1437). Snagov stands on a lake.

But there is no map of 15th-century forests. Without one, the explanation cannot be tested across the whole map.

**It cannot be tested.**

## Or do we only see what the archive kept?

Much of what we know comes from grants kept by the monasteries themselves; some acts reach us only as copies in their registers, like Cozia's charter of 1388. A house that lost its papers does not appear here, however old it was.

So the map shows where the prince gave and where the monks kept, and that favours exactly the "close to the prince" pattern.

**It has to be kept in mind for every answer.**

## What ties them to the roads: customs

The documents do not draw roads. They name places where goods paid customs: Câmpulung and "the Brăila road" in the privilege for the Brașov merchants of 1368, Slatina in 1369, Rucăr and Dâmbovița in 1413.

The lines show revenues the charters tie to a place: the Calafat customs and the Râmnic salt for Tismana, Bolintin's exemptions at the Danube fords. Other revenues have no certain place on the map: the Genune customs for Cozia (1415), the Prahova customs for Snagov (1464).

Some monasteries received customs revenue or customs exemptions, alongside villages, land and salt.

## And after 1550?

The square dots are 12 well-known later foundations. Their years are those of today's buildings, of the foundation or of a first mention, not of the first surviving document, so they do not compare directly with the round dots.

Foundations still appear at Bucharest, where princes issue acts from 1459, and in the Oltenian plain near Craiova. But the map does not all move down: Arnota stands higher than any house attested before 1500.

## All monasteries

- Vodița Monastery: about 1374 (editors' dating); DRH B I, no. 6; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 20
- Tismana Monastery: 3 October 1385; DRH B I, no. 7; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 22
- Cozia Monastery: 20 May 1388; DRH B I, no. 9; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 26 and 27
- Cotmeana Monastery: 20 May 1388; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 26
- Snagov Monastery: between 1407 and 1418 (editors' dating); DRH B I, no. 34; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 40
- Strugalea Monastery: 11 May 1409; DRH B I, no. 35; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 48
- Dealu Monastery: 17 November 1431; DRH B I, no. 72; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 79
- Bolintin Monastery: 15 March 1433; DRH B I, no. 75; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 84
- Sărăcinești hermitage: January to August 1437 (editors' dating); DRH B I, no. 79
- Licura (licence to found): 16 September 1440; DRH B I, no. 91; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 98
- Glavacioc Monastery: 14 May 1441; DRH B I, no. 94; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 101
- Govora Monastery: 26 September 1485; DRH B I, no. 196; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 186
- Bistrița Monastery (Vâlcea): 16 March 1494; DRH B I, no. 247; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 233
- Tutana Monastery: 1 April 1497; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 259
- St Nicholas Monastery, Târgșor: 4 June 1497; DRH B I, no. 275; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 260
- Râncăciov Monastery: 19 July 1498; DRH B I, no. 285; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 269
- Ostrov Monastery, Călimănești: 26 April 1500; DRH B I, no. 300; DIR B XIII–XV, no. 285
- Nucet Monastery: September to December 1501 (editors' dating); DRH B II, no. 9
- Iezer Monastery: 23 May 1501; DRH B II, no. 4; DIR B XVI/1, no. 3
- Valea Monastery: 1 September 1506; DRH B II, no. 49; DIR B XVI/1, no. 36
- Brădet hermitage: 14 May 1506; DIR B XVI/1, no. 31
- Vișina Monastery: between 1512 and 1521 (editors' dating); DRH B II, no. 97
- Clocociov Monastery: between 1512 and 1521 (editors' dating); DRH B II, no. 96; DIR B XVI/1, no. 87
- Corbii de Piatră rock monastery: 23 June 1512; DRH B II, no. 103; DIR B XVI/1, no. 78
- Cornet Monastery: 11 January 1515; DRH B II, no. 133
- Curtea de Argeș Monastery: 7 January 1517; DRH B II, no. 148; DIR B XVI/1, no. 119
- Mărgineni Monastery: 22 November 1517; DRH B II, no. 165
- Gura Motrului Monastery: 13 January 1519; DRH B II, no. 176; DIR B XVI/1, no. 140
- Seaca-Mușetești Monastery: 16 September 1519; DRH B II, no. 189; DIR B XVI/1, no. 151
- Potoc Monastery: 10 January 1520; DRH B II, no. 191; DIR B XVI/1, no. 153
- Dobrușa hermitage: 2 September 1520; DRH B II, no. 198
- Vărbila Monastery: between 1526 and 1527 (editors' dating); DIR B XVI/2, no. 28
- Sadova Monastery: 1530, June to August (month supplied by the editors); DIR B XVI/2, no. 82
- Tânganu Monastery: 6 July 1530; DIR B XVI/2, no. 85
- Fântânele Monastery: between 1542 and 1544 (editors' dating); DRH B IV, no. 115; DIR B XVI/2, no. 282
- Mislea Monastery: April 1543; DRH B IV, no. 138; DIR B XVI/2, no. 303–304

## What we do not know

- The year on the map is that of the first surviving act. It does not say when the monastery was founded.
- Strugalea, Licura, Sărăcinești and Fântânele have no identified site; Iezer, Potoc and Vărbila have only uncertain identifications.
- For Snagov, Vodița, Nucet and a few others, the year is an editors' dating, not a date written in the act.
- The dates of today's buildings (Cozia, Dealu, Govora and those after 1550) come mostly from the List of Historic Monuments and were not checked against inscriptions.
- There is no map of forests, nor one of princely estates, for this period; that is why two explanations stay open.