# Pax Silica: the US declaration on the artificial-intelligence supply chain, who signed it and what has been done

Pax Silica is a one-page declaration launched by the US State Department on 12 December 2025, in which countries that make chips, mine minerals and build data centres state their intent to cooperate. By 2 October 2026 it had 25 signatories. Below: the full text, a map of the signatures over time, the eight layers of the supply chain and what has been announced or launched in each, with every claim tied to its source.

## In brief: five things to know

### What is Pax Silica?

A political declaration signed by ministers and ambassadors, not a treaty. The State Department calls it its “flagship effort on AI and supply chain security”. The text has no secretariat, no joint budget, no export rules and no way to sanction anyone. Under Secretary Jacob Helberg said on 3 September 2026: “No secretariat, no new bureaucracy.”

### Who signed Pax Silica?

Seven at launch (the US, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, the UK, Israel, Australia), then 18 more by 31 July 2026: Qatar, the UAE, India, Sweden, the Philippines, Finland, Norway, the Netherlands, the EU, Germany, Greece, Kazakhstan, five Latin American countries and Italy. Romania did not sign; the European Commission signed on behalf of the EU.

### What has it produced so far?

Three funding programmes the State Department ties to Pax Silica, with announced ceilings of $250 million, $200 million and $50 million, a planned industrial zone in the Philippines, a training school launched on 3 September and a logistics platform through Panama, planned as a pilot. The State Department’s releases show no award made by 3 September 2026.

### What does the declaration leave out?

The text names no country and never mentions China, export controls, tariffs or any legal obligation. The real fight over chip exports is elsewhere: on 8 December 2025, four days before launch, Washington announced it would allow Nvidia H200 sales to approved customers in China, and a bill in Congress would give allies 150 days to show progress aligning their controls or have the US apply them unilaterally.

### How does China’s WAICO compare with Pax Silica?

On 16 July 2026 China and 28 other countries signed the agreement founding the World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization (WAICO) in Shanghai, with 29 founding members, 37 after 31 July. Kazakhstan signed both texts in about three weeks. In August a draft State Department letter to 35 countries surfaced: “To be part of everything is to be part of nothing.”

### Has Romania signed Pax Silica?

No. Romania is not among the 25 signatories of the declaration nor the 35 signers of the AI statement. The European Union signed through the European Commission on 23 June 2026.

### Is Pax Silica a treaty?

No. It is a political declaration of 18 sentences with verbs of intent. The State Department page does not say whether it is legally binding.

### What does the name Pax Silica mean?

The State Department explains: “pax” is Latin for peace, stability and long-term prosperity, as in Pax Romana or Pax Americana, and “silica” is the compound refined into silicon, the base of computer chips.

### What is the difference between Pax Silica and WAICO?

Pax Silica is a declaration coordinated by the US State Department, with no secretariat. WAICO is an intergovernmental organisation headquartered in Shanghai, whose founding agreement was signed on 16 July 2026 by China and 28 other countries. Kazakhstan is in both.

## Who signed, who did not and when: a map of the three texts

- **Australia**: 12 December 2025; 25 June 2026; —
- **Israel**: 12 December 2025; 25 June 2026; —
- **Japan**: 12 December 2025; 25 June 2026; —
- **Singapore**: 12 December 2025; 25 June 2026; —
- **South Korea**: 12 December 2025; 25 June 2026; —
- **United Kingdom**: 12 December 2025; 25 June 2026; —
- **United States**: 12 December 2025; 25 June 2026; —
- **Qatar**: 12 January 2026 · Number given by the State Department: 8; 25 June 2026; —
- **United Arab Emirates**: 14 January 2026 · Number given by the State Department: 9; 25 June 2026; —
- **India**: 20 February 2026 · Number given by the State Department: 10; 25 June 2026; —
- **Sweden**: 17 March 2026 · Number given by the State Department: 12; 25 June 2026; —
- **Finland**: 16 April 2026 · Number given by the State Department: 14; 25 June 2026; —
- **Philippines**: 16 April 2026 · Number given by the State Department: 13; 25 June 2026; —
- **Norway**: 6 May 2026 · Number given by the State Department: 15; 25 June 2026; —
- **European Union**: 23 June 2026; —; —
- **Germany**: 23 June 2026; 25 June 2026; —
- **Greece**: 23 June 2026; 25 June 2026; —
- **Netherlands**: 23 June 2026; 25 June 2026; —
- **Kazakhstan**: 25–26 June 2026; 25 June 2026; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Argentina**: 26 June 2026; 25 June 2026; —
- **Chile**: 26 June 2026; 25 June 2026; —
- **Costa Rica**: 26 June 2026; 25 June 2026; —
- **El Salvador**: 26 June 2026; 25 June 2026; —
- **Panama**: 26 June 2026; 25 June 2026; —
- **Italy**: 31 July 2026 · Number given by the State Department: 25; 25 June 2026; —
- **Armenia**: —; 25 June 2026 (this one only); —
- **Bahrain**: —; 25 June 2026 (this one only); —
- **Denmark**: —; 25 June 2026 (this one only); —
- **Estonia**: —; 25 June 2026 (this one only); —
- **Latvia**: —; 25 June 2026 (this one only); —
- **Lithuania**: —; 25 June 2026 (this one only); —
- **New Zealand**: —; 25 June 2026 (this one only); —
- **Paraguay**: —; 25 June 2026 (this one only); —
- **Poland**: —; 25 June 2026 (this one only); —
- **Portugal**: —; 25 June 2026 (this one only); —
- **Türkiye**: —; 25 June 2026 (this one only); —
- **Taiwan**: endorsed the principles, 27 January 2026; —; —
- **Algeria**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Bangladesh**: —; —; observer
- **Belarus**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Brazil**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Brunei**: —; —; joined, 31 July 2026
- **Cambodia**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Cameroon**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **China**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Cuba**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Dominica**: —; —; joined, 30 July 2026
- **Ethiopia**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Georgia**: —; —; joined, 31 July 2026
- **Indonesia**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Iran**: —; —; joined, 31 July 2026
- **Kenya**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Kyrgyzstan**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Laos**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Lesotho**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Malaysia**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Mozambique**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Myanmar**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Nicaragua**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Oman**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Pakistan**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Republic of the Congo**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Russia**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Senegal**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Serbia**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **South Africa**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Sudan**: —; —; joined, 31 July 2026
- **Tajikistan**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Tanzania**: —; —; joined, 31 July 2026
- **Togo**: —; —; joined, 31 July 2026
- **Uzbekistan**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Venezuela**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)
- **Vietnam**: —; —; joined, 31 July 2026
- **Zambia**: —; —; founding member (16 July 2026)

## What was announced and what was done: nine mechanisms, as of 2 October 2026

- **“Concierge” service for signatories** (no amount, pilot, no results published): A pilot that uses the State Department’s “roughly 270 diplomatic posts” to help signatories buy American AI products: power, cooling, software, hardware. No results found.
- **Edge AI Package for the Indo-Pacific** (up to $200 million, no award announced): Foreign assistance for affordable smartphones running trusted operating systems (Android or iOS). The submission window was 90 days from 19 February 2026; funding was contingent on available funds and Congressional notification.
- **Pax Silica Fund and investor consortium** ($250 million “intended”, no award announced): The State Department “intends, working with Congress, to allocate” $250 million for minerals, critical infrastructure and semiconductor manufacturing. The investor consortium represents more than $1 trillion in assets its members manage, not a committed sum: The New York Times corrected this point after the announcement.
- **Economic Security Zone in the Philippines** (1,619 hectares (4,000 acres), planned): An industrial park in the Luzon Economic Corridor, New Clark City. On 14 September 2026 a Philippine newspaper wrote that the framework to govern it “is currently being completed” and that a Philippine official says the firms in the zone will be subject to Philippine law.
- **Pax Pass: a logistics platform through Panama** (up to $50 million, no award announced): Cargo verification, AI-powered risk assessment and expedited customs processing for “trusted” shipments, planned as a pilot with Panama’s ports and customs. The call for proposals was published on 12 August and closed on 20 August 2026.
- **Foundry School, with Stanford University** (no amount, done): Announced at the second summit, in June; launched on 3 September 2026. The programme provides for 17 sessions taught by industry executives on eight campuses, for American entrepreneurs, engineers, technicians and industrial leaders. The launch event took place on 3 September 2026.
- **Joint Statement on AI Opportunity** (no amount, done): Signed on 25 June 2026; 35 signers were listed on 26 June. The countries say they support “the adoption of policies and frameworks that advance technological innovation” and will explore jointly exporting the “AI stack”.
- **US–Israel strategic partnership** (no amount, done): A 16 January 2026 statement on AI, semiconductors, space and energy, with Israel as a “Pax Silica node”. It says it “does not create legally binding rights or obligations” and that “nothing … commits the participants to the expenditure of funds”.
- **US–India AI Opportunity Partnership** (no amount, done): A bilateral addendum signed on 20 February 2026: pro-innovation regulation, cooperation on energy infrastructure, critical minerals and trusted semiconductors. No deadlines or budgets.

## Romania: what is known and what is not

- **Romania has signed no text.** It is on neither the list of signatories of the Pax Silica declaration nor among the 35 signers of the AI statement (State Department lists, read on 2 October 2026). According to CSIS, no EU member state joined WAICO.
- **It is one of 15 EU states with no signature of its own.** Of the 27 member states, six signed the Pax Silica declaration (Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden), six only the AI statement (Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal) and 15 neither: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, France, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain.
- **The Union signed through the European Commission.** The Commission writes that it signed “on behalf of the EU” and ties the move to its technological-sovereignty package, including the Chips Act 2.0. The Commission’s page does not say what the signature means for member states that did not sign, nor whether the text binds them. A Brussels institute (BIG) writes that the Commission clarified the text is not legally binding; the Commission’s page does not contain that clarification.
- **Romania was at the critical-minerals table.** It was one of the 54 countries represented at the Washington ministerial of 4 February 2026, which the State Department links to Pax Silica. The ministerial is a separate process with its own set of agreements.
- **The government’s position: unknown.** No public position of the Romanian government on Pax Silica was found. If one exists, it was not in the sources read.

## The claim ledger: every claim, with the exact quotation and its source

- The declaration has 18 sentences, opening with “We affirm…”. “We affirm our shared commitment to advance mutual prosperity, technological progress, and economic security for our peoples.” (U.S. Department of State, Pax Silica (declaration text, signatories): https://www.state.gov/pax-silica)
- The State Department calls it its flagship effort on AI and supply chains. “Pax Silica is the Department of State’s flagship effort on AI and supply chain security” (U.S. Department of State, Pax Silica (declaration text, signatories): https://www.state.gov/pax-silica)
- Helberg: no secretariat and no new bureaucracy. “we ship products, not regulations. No secretariat, no new bureaucracy.” (Helberg remarks, Foundry School launch, 3 Sep 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/under-secretary-for-economic-affairs/2026/09/remarks-by-under-secretary-helberg-in-washington-the-national-launch-of-foundry-school/)
- The Department says it is not about isolating anyone. “It is not about isolating others—but about coordinating with partners who want to remain competitive and prosperous.” (State Dept fact sheet, Pax Silica Summit, 11 Dec 2025: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2025/12/pax-silica-initiative/)
- The first summit gathered eight countries, with Taiwan, the EU, Canada and the OECD as guests. “The inaugural Pax Silica Summit convened stakeholders from: Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, the Netherlands, The United Kingdom, Israel, United Arab Emirates, and Australia, alongside guest contributions from Taiwan, the European Union, Canada, and the OECD” (State Dept fact sheet, Pax Silica Summit, 11 Dec 2025: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2025/12/pax-silica-initiative/)
- The 11 December note names five countries due to sign on 12 December. “representatives from Japan, Israel, Australia, Singapore, and the Republic of Korea, will inaugurate Pax Silica by signing the Pax Silica Declaration” (State Dept media note, 11 Dec 2025: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2025/12/under-secretary-helberg-will-kick-off-pax-silica-summit-with-landmark-declaration-signing/)
- The UK is among those who signed on 12 December 2025. “On December 12, 2025, Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs Jacob Helberg and representatives from Japan, the State of Israel, Australia, the Republic of Singapore, the Republic of Korea, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland signed a declaration to mark the beginning of Pax Silica” (Hudson Institute event page, 29 Jan 2026: https://www.hudson.org/events/pax-silica-under-secretary-state-jacob-helberg-ai-race-economic-security)
- Qatar is the eighth signatory (12 January 2026). “The United States welcomed Qatar as the eighth Pax Silica signatory. They joined signatories from Australia, Israel, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, and the United Kingdom.” (State Dept media note, Qatar signs, 12 Jan 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/01/the-united-states-welcomes-qatars-signing-of-pax-silica-declaration/)
- The UAE is the ninth signatory (14 January 2026). “The United States welcomed the United Arab Emirates as the ninth Pax Silica signatory.” (State Dept media note, UAE signs, 14 Jan 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/01/united-states-welcomes-united-arab-emirates-signing-of-pax-silica-declaration/)
- India is the tenth signatory (20 February 2026). “The United States welcomed India as the tenth Pax Silica signatory.” (State Dept media note, India signs, 20 Feb 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/02/united-states-and-india-sign-pax-silica-declaration/)
- Sweden is called the twelfth, with a list that includes Greece. “Sweden becomes the twelfth Pax Silica member, joining Australia, Greece, India, Israel, Japan, Qatar, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.” (State Dept media note, Sweden, 17 Mar 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/03/under-secretary-helbergs-travel-to-texas-to-sign-pax-silica-declaration-with-sweden/)
- Sweden is the first EU member state to sign. “Sweden will be the first EU Member State to sign the Pax Silica Declaration since its official launch in December 2025” (State Dept media note, Sweden, 17 Mar 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/03/under-secretary-helbergs-travel-to-texas-to-sign-pax-silica-declaration-with-sweden/)
- The Philippines is the thirteenth signatory (16 April 2026). “The United States welcomed the Philippines as the thirteenth Pax Silica signatory.” (State Dept media note, Philippines, 16 Apr 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/04/the-united-states-and-the-philippines-launch-plans-for-4000-acre-economic-security-zone-to-shore-up-supply-chains-first-ai-native-industrial-acceleration-hub-under-pax-silica/)
- Finland is the fourteenth signatory (16 April 2026). “The United States welcomed Finland as the fourteenth Pax Silica signatory.” (State Dept media note, Finland, 16 Apr 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/04/finland-joins-pax-silica-initiative/)
- Norway is the fifteenth signatory (6 May 2026). “Norway is the fifteenth Pax Silica signatory” (State Dept media note, Norway, 6 May 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/05/norway-joins-pax-silica-initiative/)
- The second summit added ten signatories, bringing the total to 24. “The 2026 Pax Silica Summit added ten partners as signatories to the Pax Silica Declaration, increasing the total to 24 signatories in just six months” (State Dept media note, second summit, 26 Jun 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/06/united-states-hosts-second-pax-silica-summit-in-washington-dc/)
- The ten new signatories of June 2026. “The new signatories are: Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, the European Union, Germany, Greece, Kazakhstan, the Netherlands, and Panama.” (State Dept fact sheet, outcomes of the second summit, 26 Jun 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/06/outcomes-of-the-second-pax-silica-summit/)
- The total of 24 includes the US; the earlier 14 do not include Greece. “Pax Silica now counts 24 signatories, with the above partners joining Australia, Finland, India, Israel, Japan, Norway, Qatar, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Sweden, the Philippines, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.” (State Dept fact sheet, outcomes of the second summit, 26 Jun 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/06/outcomes-of-the-second-pax-silica-summit/)
- Italy is the 25th signatory (31 July 2026). “Italy is the 25th Pax Silica Declaration signatory.” (State Dept media note, Italy, 31 Jul 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/07/us-welcomes-italy-into-pax-silica-initiative/)
- Taiwan endorses the declaration’s principles without signing. “we, through our designated representatives, hereby endorse the principles of the Pax Silica Declaration.” (AIT-TECRO joint statement, 27 Jan 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/under-secretary-for-economic-affairs/2026/01/joint-statement-on-the-pax-silica-declaration-and-u-s-taiwan-economic-security-cooperation/)
- The 35 signers of the AI statement, as of 26 June 2026. “The following countries have signed the AI Opportunity Statement so far: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Bahrain, Chile, Costa Rica, Denmark, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Sweden, Turkiye, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States.” (State Dept fact sheet, outcomes of the second summit, 26 Jun 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/06/outcomes-of-the-second-pax-silica-summit/)
- The Netherlands attended the launch but held off signing until June. “The Netherlands attended the launch last year but had held off signing until now.” (DutchNews.nl, 24 Jun 2026: https://www.dutchnews.nl/2026/06/netherlands-joins-us-chip-pact-while-fighting-asml-export-curbs/)
- The European Commission signed on behalf of the EU. “The European Commission has signed the Pax Silica Declaration on behalf of the EU, committing to working with global partners to advance AI and supply chain security.” (European Commission, Commission signs Pax Silica declaration: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-signs-pax-silica-declaration)
- Helberg: the November US–Greece declaration was the forerunner. “The U.S.- Greece Economic Security Declaration, which I signed in November in Athens, was the forerunner of Pax Silica.” (Helberg remarks, EU, Germany, Greece, 23 Jun 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/under-secretary-for-economic-affairs/2026/06/under-secretary-jacob-helberg-on-the-accession-of-the-european-union-germany-and-greece-to-pax-silica/)
- Kazakhstan is welcomed into Pax Silica (remarks of 26 June). “It’s our honor to welcome Kazakhstan to Pax Silica.” (Helberg remarks, Kazakhstan, 26 Jun 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/under-secretary-for-economic-affairs/2026/06/under-secretary-helbergs-remarks-on-the-accession-of-kazakhstan-to-pax-silica/)
- Kazakhstan, the only country in both bodies. “It's the only country in the world to have joined both Washington's Pax Silica and China's World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization (WAICO), competing AI alliances.” (The Diplomat, C. Putz, 8 Sep 2026: https://thediplomat.com/2026/09/pax-silica-vs-waico-will-central-asia-have-to-pick-a-side/)
- Twenty-nine countries signed the WAICO agreement in Shanghai on 16 July 2026. “Twenty-nine countries on Thursday signed an agreement in Shanghai on establishing the World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization (WAICO).” (Xinhua, 29 countries sign WAICO agreement, 16 Jul 2026: https://english.news.cn/20260716/b0449aa2133542868e310fdc45ef2969/c.html)
- WAICO is an intergovernmental organisation headquartered in Shanghai. “The WAICO will be an independent intergovernmental international organization headquartered in Shanghai, according to the agreement.” (Xinhua, 29 countries sign WAICO agreement, 16 Jul 2026: https://english.news.cn/20260716/b0449aa2133542868e310fdc45ef2969/c.html)
- The founders include 10 African and 12 Asian countries. “Representatives from the 29 countries, including Russia, Belarus, Serbia, Cuba, Brazil and Venezuela, as well as 10 African and 12 Asian countries, signed the agreement as founding members.” (Reuters via U.S. News, 16 Jul 2026: https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2026-07-16/twenty-nine-countries-sign-agreement-to-establish-global-ai-cooperation-body)
- Eight countries signed the WAICO agreement on 30 and 31 July. “Also on July 31, Ambassador of Georgia to China Paata Kalandadze and Tanzanian Ambassador to China Suleiman Haji Suleiman signed the agreement on behalf of their respective governments. Earlier on July 30, Ambassador of the Commonwealth of Dominica to China Martin Charles signed the agreement on behalf of the Government of Dominica.” (China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, later WAICO signatories, 31 Jul 2026: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xw/wjbxw/202608/t20260804_11998300.html)
- No G7 member and no EU state in WAICO. “WAICO will operate outside the UN system, and not a single G7 economy or EU member state joined the organization.” (CSIS, Collins and Mehta, 21 Sep 2026: https://www.csis.org/analysis/state-ai-global-governance-and-its-implications-us-china-summit)
- The draft letter: “To be part of everything is to be part of nothing”. “To be part of everything is to be part of nothing," it says. Signing the Pax Silica Declaration is "not merely a membership subscription, but a commitment".” (TNW, summarising Reuters of 14 Aug 2026, 15 Aug 2026: https://thenextweb.com/news/pax-silica-us-letter-35-countries-china-ai-coalition)
- The draft is undated; the State Department does not comment. “The draft is undated. The State Department said it would not comment on "purportedly leaked internal documents".” (TNW, summarising Reuters of 14 Aug 2026, 15 Aug 2026: https://thenextweb.com/news/pax-silica-us-letter-35-countries-china-ai-coalition)
- Membership cannot be combined with “duplicative” initiatives. “cannot be held alongside membership in duplicative initiatives whose expectations conflict with our own.” (The Diplomat, C. Putz, 8 Sep 2026: https://thediplomat.com/2026/09/pax-silica-vs-waico-will-central-asia-have-to-pick-a-side/)
- Uzbekistan has asked to join Pax Silica. “Tashkent had requested to join Pax Silica.” (The Diplomat, C. Putz, 8 Sep 2026: https://thediplomat.com/2026/09/pax-silica-vs-waico-will-central-asia-have-to-pick-a-side/)
- The BIS rule of 13 January 2026 on H200 chips. “BIS will now review export license applications for the Nvidia H200, AMD MI325X, and similar chips on a case-by-case basis provided certain security requirements are met.” (U.S. Commerce Dept (BIS), 13 Jan 2026: https://www.bis.gov/press-release/department-commerce-revises-license-review-policy-semiconductors-exported-china)
- The President’s announcement of 8 December 2025, four days before launch. “Today's rule follows President Trump's December 8, 2025 announcement that the United States will allow the H200 and similar products to be shipped to approved customers in China to strengthen national security.” (U.S. Commerce Dept (BIS), 13 Jan 2026: https://www.bis.gov/press-release/department-commerce-revises-license-review-policy-semiconductors-exported-china)
- The MATCH Act: 150 days for allies, then unilateral controls. “If allies cannot demonstrate progress within the 150-day deadline, the Act directs the Department of Commerce to implement controls unilaterally.” (Rep. Goodlander, MATCH Act release: https://goodlander.house.gov/media/press-releases/goodlander-helps-introduce-bipartisan-bill-to-tighten-controls-on-sensitive-chipmaking-equipment/)
- The MATCH Act had cleared a committee but not the full Congress (24 June 2026). “The MATCH Act has cleared a committee but has not yet passed the full Congress.” (DutchNews.nl, 24 Jun 2026: https://www.dutchnews.nl/2026/06/netherlands-joins-us-chip-pact-while-fighting-asml-export-curbs/)
- The Pax Silica Fund: $250 million “intended”. “intends, working with Congress, to allocate $250 million in foreign assistance funding” (State Dept media note, Pax Silica Fund, 26 Mar 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/03/department-of-state-launches-pax-silica-fund/)
- The Edge AI Package: up to $200 million. “launch of a competitive process to award up to $200 million in foreign assistance funding” (State Dept media note, Edge AI Package, 19 Feb 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/02/department-of-state-launches-edge-ai-package-for-the-indo-pacific/)
- Pax Pass: up to $50 million; the call closed on 20 August. “Working with Congress, the Department seeks to commit up to $50 million in foreign assistance funding” (State Dept media note, Pax Silica AI Assistance Project NOFO, 12 Aug 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/08/pax-silica-ai-assistance-project-nofo/)
- The “concierge” service uses roughly 270 diplomatic posts. “leverage the State Department’s presence in roughly 270 diplomatic posts” (State Dept media note, concierge pilot, 19 Feb 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/02/u-s-department-of-state-pilots-concierge-service-for-pax-silica-signatories-to-accelerate-core-ai-infrastructure-exports/)
- The Philippine zone: 4,000 acres; 1,619 hectares. “establish a 4,000-acre industrial hub” (State Dept fact sheet, Economic Security Zone, 16 Apr 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/04/u-s-and-philippines-plan-the-launch-of-historic-4000-acre-economic-security-zone-to-shore-up-supply-chains/)
- On 14 September 2026 the framework was still being completed. “The framework, which is currently being completed, will be the basis for the development of projects under the Pax Silica umbrella.” (BusinessWorld (Philippines), 14 Sep 2026: https://bworldonline.com/economy/2026/09/14/777154/bcda-assures-pax-silica-framework-will-comply-with-philippine-law/)
- Foundry School: 17 sessions on eight campuses. “Across these eight campuses, the program will run 17 sessions” (State Dept press notice, Foundry School, 1 Sep 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/09/trump-administration-launches-foundry-school-to-build-the-workforce-behind-americas-manufacturing-comeback/)
- The consortium: more than $1 trillion in assets under management, not committed. “the consortium involves more than $1 trillion in assets under management, not a committed $1 trillion investment” (Fox News, 31 Mar 2026: https://www.foxnews.com/media/trump-admin-official-shreds-ny-times-multiple-corrections-report-silicon-valley-initiative)
- The US–Israel statement creates no legal obligations. “This statement is an expression of intent and does not create legally binding rights or obligations under domestic or international law.” (U.S.-Israel joint statement, 16 Jan 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/01/joint-statement-of-the-united-states-and-israel-on-the-launch-of-a-strategic-partnership-on-artificial-intelligence-research-and-critical-technologies/)
- Helberg: 80 percent of rare-earth processing. “Today roughly 80 percent of global rare earth processing, over 70 percent of lithium-ion battery production, and dominant shares of semiconductor packaging are controlled by a single country that is not our ally.” (Helberg remarks, Philippines, 16 Apr 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/under-secretary-for-economic-affairs/2026/04/remarks-by-under-secretary-helberg-in-washington-philippines-joins-pax-silica-initiative-and-launches-of-economic-security-zone/)
- Helberg names gallium, germanium, graphite and rare earths. “We have watched it happen — with rare earths, with gallium, with germanium, with graphite.” (Helberg remarks, New Clark City, 18 May 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/under-secretary-for-economic-affairs/2026/05/under-secretary-jacob-helberg-visits-the-philippines-planned-economic-security-zone/)
- Helberg: Chile produces 25 percent of the world’s copper. “It also produces 25 percent of the world’s copper” (Helberg remarks, five Latin American signatories, 26 Jun 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/under-secretary-for-economic-affairs/2026/06/under-secretary-helbergs-remarks-on-the-accession-of-argentina-chile-costa-rica-el-salvador-and-panama-to-pax-silica/)
- Helberg on Argentina’s lithium reserves. “Argentina holds one of the world’s second largest reserves of lithium” (Helberg remarks, five Latin American signatories, 26 Jun 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/under-secretary-for-economic-affairs/2026/06/under-secretary-helbergs-remarks-on-the-accession-of-argentina-chile-costa-rica-el-salvador-and-panama-to-pax-silica/)
- Energy as the third pillar, per Fox News. “"Energy security will become our third, and it will be treated with the same urgency and seriousness as the two others," he said.” (Fox News, 31 Mar 2026: https://www.foxnews.com/media/trump-admin-official-shreds-ny-times-multiple-corrections-report-silicon-valley-initiative)
- The critical-minerals ministerial: 54 countries and the European Commission. “hosted representatives of 54 countries and the European Commission” (State Dept fact sheet, Critical Minerals Ministerial, 4 Feb 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/02/2026-critical-minerals-ministerial/)
- Romania is among the countries present at the ministerial. “Poland, Qatar, the Republic of Korea, Romania, Saudi Arabia” (State Dept fact sheet, Critical Minerals Ministerial, 4 Feb 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/02/2026-critical-minerals-ministerial/)
- Helberg: “an action platform — not another international bureaucracy”. “Pax Silica is designed to be an action platform — not another international bureaucracy.” (Helberg opening remarks, second summit, 25 Jun 2026: https://www.state.gov/releases/under-secretary-for-economic-affairs/2026/06/opening-remarks-at-the-second-pax-silica-summit/)
- Sweden: the government confirms signing on 17 March 2026. “Utrikesminister Maria Malmer Stenergard undertecknade den 17 mars deklarationen om det amerikanska samarbetsinitiativet Pax Silica” (Swedish Government, 17 Mar 2026: https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2026/03/sverige-ansluter-sig-till-samarbetsinitiativet-pax-silica/)
- Two thirds of observed dependencies have a Pax Silica supplier. “approximately two-thirds of observed dependencies have a Pax Silica supplier” (Brussels Institute for Geopolitics, 16 Jul 2026: https://big-europe.eu/publications/2026-07-16-mapping-pax-silica-semiconductor-supply-chains-in-an-era-of-weaponized-interdependence)
- ASPI: “an enabling framework”, not a solution. “Pax Silica is best understood not as a solution, but as an enabling framework.” (ASPI The Strategist, J. Coyne, 16 Dec 2025: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/pax-silica-can-reshape-supply-chains-for-greater-economic-security/)
- Refining: China, between 41% and 99% of 11 materials in 2025 (IEA). “Figure, p. 39: China, share of refining 2025: gallium 99, germanium 94, graphite 94, indium 86, tungsten 76, bismuth 73, tellurium 73, lithium 71, antimony 44, molybdenum 41 (percent). Rare earths: 85 percent in 2025 per the IEA text, magnet rare earths.” (IEA, Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026, p. 39 (CC BY 4.0): https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2026)
- Mining: the signatories’ and China’s shares for six minerals (USGS). “World Mine Production tables, 2025 estimates, rare earths, lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper, natural graphite.” (USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026.pdf)
- Compute: each country’s share of the GPU clusters tracked (Epoch AI). “482 existing clusters; latest first operational date 2025-07-22; H100 equivalents by country.” (Epoch AI, Data on GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0): https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters)

Ediția în limba română: https://mariuscomper.uk/pax-silica/