Property
1866 – 1923 · Rewriting
The same guarantee, new conditions: the text keeps property but redraws its boundaries.
1866: property is sacred; the state expropriates only in three cases
1923: property is guaranteed; the subsoil passes to the state
The strongest guarantee in the whole series, and expropriation allowed only for communications, public health and national defence, against just and prior compensation. Land given to peasants under the rural law can never be touched (art. 20).
The word “sacred” disappears; the guarantee remains. The novelty lies underground: mines and wealth of any nature become state property, while rural land stays with Romanians alone (art. 18).
1866 – 1938 · Rewriting
The same guarantee, new conditions: the text keeps property but redraws its boundaries.
1866: property is sacred; the state expropriates only in three cases
1938: property is inviolable; compensation is set by the courts
The strongest guarantee in the whole series, and expropriation allowed only for communications, public health and national defence, against just and prior compensation. Land given to peasants under the rural law can never be touched (art. 20).
The guarantee grows stronger in words and gains a judge: expropriation compensation is set by the courts, not the administration. Confiscation of wealth stays forbidden, with two exceptions: high treason and embezzlement of public money.
1866 – 1948 · Rupture
Private property leaves the centre: the means of production pass to the state, and the guarantee changes master.
1866: property is sacred; the state expropriates only in three cases
1948: private property is recognised, but the state may take over everything
The strongest guarantee in the whole series, and expropriation allowed only for communications, public health and national defence, against just and prior compensation. Land given to peasants under the rural law can never be touched (art. 20).
Recognition comes with a loophole: in the “general interest”, factories, banks and insurers pass to the state by law. Land belongs to those who work it (art. 9), and defending common goods is every citizen's duty (art. 7).
1866 – 1965 · Rupture
Private property leaves the centre: the means of production pass to the state, and the guarantee changes master.
1866: property is sacred; the state expropriates only in three cases
1965: the means of production are socialist; house and savings are personal
The strongest guarantee in the whole series, and expropriation allowed only for communications, public health and national defence, against just and prior compensation. Land given to peasants under the rural law can never be touched (art. 20).
Two adjacent worlds: factories, mines and cooperative land belong to the state or the cooperative (arts. 6–9), while the dwelling house, the household and savings from work belong to each person (art. 36). Inheritance is protected (art. 37).
1866 – 1991 · Continuity
The guarantee passes from one text to the next, in changed wording over the same frame.
1866: property is sacred; the state expropriates only in three cases
1991: private property is guaranteed; expropriation needs public utility and compensation
The strongest guarantee in the whole series, and expropriation allowed only for communications, public health and national defence, against just and prior compensation. Land given to peasants under the rural law can never be touched (art. 20).
The phrases of 1866 return after four decades: claims against the state, just and prior compensation. The state may use the subsoil of any property for works of general interest, against compensation (para. 4), and lawfully acquired wealth cannot be confiscated (para. 7).
1923 – 1938 · Rewriting
The same guarantee, new conditions: the text keeps property but redraws its boundaries.
1923: property is guaranteed; the subsoil passes to the state
1938: property is inviolable; compensation is set by the courts
The word “sacred” disappears; the guarantee remains. The novelty lies underground: mines and wealth of any nature become state property, while rural land stays with Romanians alone (art. 18).
The guarantee grows stronger in words and gains a judge: expropriation compensation is set by the courts, not the administration. Confiscation of wealth stays forbidden, with two exceptions: high treason and embezzlement of public money.
1923 – 1948 · Rupture
Private property leaves the centre: the means of production pass to the state, and the guarantee changes master.
1923: property is guaranteed; the subsoil passes to the state
1948: private property is recognised, but the state may take over everything
The word “sacred” disappears; the guarantee remains. The novelty lies underground: mines and wealth of any nature become state property, while rural land stays with Romanians alone (art. 18).
Recognition comes with a loophole: in the “general interest”, factories, banks and insurers pass to the state by law. Land belongs to those who work it (art. 9), and defending common goods is every citizen's duty (art. 7).
1923 – 1965 · Rupture
Private property leaves the centre: the means of production pass to the state, and the guarantee changes master.
1923: property is guaranteed; the subsoil passes to the state
1965: the means of production are socialist; house and savings are personal
The word “sacred” disappears; the guarantee remains. The novelty lies underground: mines and wealth of any nature become state property, while rural land stays with Romanians alone (art. 18).
Two adjacent worlds: factories, mines and cooperative land belong to the state or the cooperative (arts. 6–9), while the dwelling house, the household and savings from work belong to each person (art. 36). Inheritance is protected (art. 37).
1923 – 1991 · Continuity
The guarantee passes from one text to the next, in changed wording over the same frame.
1923: property is guaranteed; the subsoil passes to the state
1991: private property is guaranteed; expropriation needs public utility and compensation
The word “sacred” disappears; the guarantee remains. The novelty lies underground: mines and wealth of any nature become state property, while rural land stays with Romanians alone (art. 18).
The phrases of 1866 return after four decades: claims against the state, just and prior compensation. The state may use the subsoil of any property for works of general interest, against compensation (para. 4), and lawfully acquired wealth cannot be confiscated (para. 7).
1938 – 1948 · Rupture
Private property leaves the centre: the means of production pass to the state, and the guarantee changes master.
1938: property is inviolable; compensation is set by the courts
1948: private property is recognised, but the state may take over everything
The guarantee grows stronger in words and gains a judge: expropriation compensation is set by the courts, not the administration. Confiscation of wealth stays forbidden, with two exceptions: high treason and embezzlement of public money.
Recognition comes with a loophole: in the “general interest”, factories, banks and insurers pass to the state by law. Land belongs to those who work it (art. 9), and defending common goods is every citizen's duty (art. 7).
1938 – 1965 · Rupture
Private property leaves the centre: the means of production pass to the state, and the guarantee changes master.
1938: property is inviolable; compensation is set by the courts
1965: the means of production are socialist; house and savings are personal
The guarantee grows stronger in words and gains a judge: expropriation compensation is set by the courts, not the administration. Confiscation of wealth stays forbidden, with two exceptions: high treason and embezzlement of public money.
Two adjacent worlds: factories, mines and cooperative land belong to the state or the cooperative (arts. 6–9), while the dwelling house, the household and savings from work belong to each person (art. 36). Inheritance is protected (art. 37).
1938 – 1991 · Continuity
The guarantee passes from one text to the next, in changed wording over the same frame.
1938: property is inviolable; compensation is set by the courts
1991: private property is guaranteed; expropriation needs public utility and compensation
The guarantee grows stronger in words and gains a judge: expropriation compensation is set by the courts, not the administration. Confiscation of wealth stays forbidden, with two exceptions: high treason and embezzlement of public money.
The phrases of 1866 return after four decades: claims against the state, just and prior compensation. The state may use the subsoil of any property for works of general interest, against compensation (para. 4), and lawfully acquired wealth cannot be confiscated (para. 7).
1948 – 1965 · Rewriting
The same guarantee, new conditions: the text keeps property but redraws its boundaries.
1948: private property is recognised, but the state may take over everything
1965: the means of production are socialist; house and savings are personal
Recognition comes with a loophole: in the “general interest”, factories, banks and insurers pass to the state by law. Land belongs to those who work it (art. 9), and defending common goods is every citizen's duty (art. 7).
Two adjacent worlds: factories, mines and cooperative land belong to the state or the cooperative (arts. 6–9), while the dwelling house, the household and savings from work belong to each person (art. 36). Inheritance is protected (art. 37).
1948 – 1991 · Rupture
Private property leaves the centre: the means of production pass to the state, and the guarantee changes master.
1948: private property is recognised, but the state may take over everything
1991: private property is guaranteed; expropriation needs public utility and compensation
Recognition comes with a loophole: in the “general interest”, factories, banks and insurers pass to the state by law. Land belongs to those who work it (art. 9), and defending common goods is every citizen's duty (art. 7).
The phrases of 1866 return after four decades: claims against the state, just and prior compensation. The state may use the subsoil of any property for works of general interest, against compensation (para. 4), and lawfully acquired wealth cannot be confiscated (para. 7).
1965 – 1991 · Rupture
Private property leaves the centre: the means of production pass to the state, and the guarantee changes master.
1965: the means of production are socialist; house and savings are personal
1991: private property is guaranteed; expropriation needs public utility and compensation
Two adjacent worlds: factories, mines and cooperative land belong to the state or the cooperative (arts. 6–9), while the dwelling house, the household and savings from work belong to each person (art. 36). Inheritance is protected (art. 37).
The phrases of 1866 return after four decades: claims against the state, just and prior compensation. The state may use the subsoil of any property for works of general interest, against compensation (para. 4), and lawfully acquired wealth cannot be confiscated (para. 7).
Rights and liberties
1866 – 1923 · Rewriting
The catalogue stays, the conditions move: the same liberties, someone else decides how they are exercised.
1866: broad liberties, no censorship, but only for some
1923: rights without distinction of stock or creed; universal manhood suffrage
The list is generous — a press with no censorship, jury trial for press offences — but the gate is narrow: naturalisation only for foreigners of Christian rite (art. 7), and voting stays organised by wealth colleges.
The Christian condition disappears; naturalisation is granted individually by the Council of Ministers (art. 7). Women gain full civil equality, with political rights to follow through special laws. The Assembly is elected by universal, equal, direct, compulsory and secret vote (art. 64).
1866 – 1938 · Rewriting
The catalogue stays, the conditions move: the same liberties, someone else decides how they are exercised.
1866: broad liberties, no censorship, but only for some
1938: rights come after duties, within the limits of the law
The list is generous — a press with no censorship, jury trial for press offences — but the gate is narrow: naturalisation only for foreigners of Christian rite (art. 7), and voting stays organised by wealth colleges.
The structural reversal: the title of rights opens with the duties of Romanians. Liberties stay written down, but each hangs on statute — press, assembly and association are exercised “within the limits and conditions of the law” (arts. 22–26). The death penalty returns (art. 15).
1866 – 1948 · Rupture
The architecture of rights comes apart: guarantor, condition or order changes entirely.
1866: broad liberties, no censorship, but only for some
1948: equality and voting from 18, with social rights promised
The list is generous — a press with no censorship, jury trial for press offences — but the gate is narrow: naturalisation only for foreigners of Christian rite (art. 7), and voting stays organised by wealth colleges.
Voting age falls to 18, women are equal to men in every field (art. 21), and the state promises work and education (arts. 19, 22). The catalogue is long; the guarantees depend on future laws.
1866 – 1965 · Rupture
The architecture of rights comes apart: guarantor, condition or order changes entirely.
1866: broad liberties, no censorship, but only for some
1965: liberties guaranteed, barred against the order
The list is generous — a press with no censorship, jury trial for press offences — but the gate is narrow: naturalisation only for foreigners of Christian rite (art. 7), and voting stays organised by wealth colleges.
Guarantee and brake stand in neighbouring articles: liberties are guaranteed (art. 28), but using them against the socialist order is barred (art. 29). Conscience is free, and school is separated from church (art. 30).
1866 – 1991 · Continuity
The right passes from one text to the next without losing its guarantor.
1866: broad liberties, no censorship, but only for some
1991: a long catalogue, censorship banned, voting from 18
The list is generous — a press with no censorship, jury trial for press offences — but the gate is narrow: naturalisation only for foreigners of Christian rite (art. 7), and voting stays organised by wealth colleges.
The 1866 ban on censorship returns as a principle, and the catalogue of rights is tied to international treaties (art. 20). Voting comes at 18 (art. 34), and the People's Advocate guards everyone's rights.
1923 – 1938 · Rewriting
The catalogue stays, the conditions move: the same liberties, someone else decides how they are exercised.
1923: rights without distinction of stock or creed; universal manhood suffrage
1938: rights come after duties, within the limits of the law
The Christian condition disappears; naturalisation is granted individually by the Council of Ministers (art. 7). Women gain full civil equality, with political rights to follow through special laws. The Assembly is elected by universal, equal, direct, compulsory and secret vote (art. 64).
The structural reversal: the title of rights opens with the duties of Romanians. Liberties stay written down, but each hangs on statute — press, assembly and association are exercised “within the limits and conditions of the law” (arts. 22–26). The death penalty returns (art. 15).
1923 – 1948 · Rupture
The architecture of rights comes apart: guarantor, condition or order changes entirely.
1923: rights without distinction of stock or creed; universal manhood suffrage
1948: equality and voting from 18, with social rights promised
The Christian condition disappears; naturalisation is granted individually by the Council of Ministers (art. 7). Women gain full civil equality, with political rights to follow through special laws. The Assembly is elected by universal, equal, direct, compulsory and secret vote (art. 64).
Voting age falls to 18, women are equal to men in every field (art. 21), and the state promises work and education (arts. 19, 22). The catalogue is long; the guarantees depend on future laws.
1923 – 1965 · Rupture
The architecture of rights comes apart: guarantor, condition or order changes entirely.
1923: rights without distinction of stock or creed; universal manhood suffrage
1965: liberties guaranteed, barred against the order
The Christian condition disappears; naturalisation is granted individually by the Council of Ministers (art. 7). Women gain full civil equality, with political rights to follow through special laws. The Assembly is elected by universal, equal, direct, compulsory and secret vote (art. 64).
Guarantee and brake stand in neighbouring articles: liberties are guaranteed (art. 28), but using them against the socialist order is barred (art. 29). Conscience is free, and school is separated from church (art. 30).
1923 – 1991 · Continuity
The right passes from one text to the next without losing its guarantor.
1923: rights without distinction of stock or creed; universal manhood suffrage
1991: a long catalogue, censorship banned, voting from 18
The Christian condition disappears; naturalisation is granted individually by the Council of Ministers (art. 7). Women gain full civil equality, with political rights to follow through special laws. The Assembly is elected by universal, equal, direct, compulsory and secret vote (art. 64).
The 1866 ban on censorship returns as a principle, and the catalogue of rights is tied to international treaties (art. 20). Voting comes at 18 (art. 34), and the People's Advocate guards everyone's rights.
1938 – 1948 · Rupture
The architecture of rights comes apart: guarantor, condition or order changes entirely.
1938: rights come after duties, within the limits of the law
1948: equality and voting from 18, with social rights promised
The structural reversal: the title of rights opens with the duties of Romanians. Liberties stay written down, but each hangs on statute — press, assembly and association are exercised “within the limits and conditions of the law” (arts. 22–26). The death penalty returns (art. 15).
Voting age falls to 18, women are equal to men in every field (art. 21), and the state promises work and education (arts. 19, 22). The catalogue is long; the guarantees depend on future laws.
1938 – 1965 · Rewriting
The catalogue stays, the conditions move: the same liberties, someone else decides how they are exercised.
1938: rights come after duties, within the limits of the law
1965: liberties guaranteed, barred against the order
The structural reversal: the title of rights opens with the duties of Romanians. Liberties stay written down, but each hangs on statute — press, assembly and association are exercised “within the limits and conditions of the law” (arts. 22–26). The death penalty returns (art. 15).
Guarantee and brake stand in neighbouring articles: liberties are guaranteed (art. 28), but using them against the socialist order is barred (art. 29). Conscience is free, and school is separated from church (art. 30).
1938 – 1991 · Rupture
The architecture of rights comes apart: guarantor, condition or order changes entirely.
1938: rights come after duties, within the limits of the law
1991: a long catalogue, censorship banned, voting from 18
The structural reversal: the title of rights opens with the duties of Romanians. Liberties stay written down, but each hangs on statute — press, assembly and association are exercised “within the limits and conditions of the law” (arts. 22–26). The death penalty returns (art. 15).
The 1866 ban on censorship returns as a principle, and the catalogue of rights is tied to international treaties (art. 20). Voting comes at 18 (art. 34), and the People's Advocate guards everyone's rights.
1948 – 1965 · Continuity
The right passes from one text to the next without losing its guarantor.
1948: equality and voting from 18, with social rights promised
1965: liberties guaranteed, barred against the order
Voting age falls to 18, women are equal to men in every field (art. 21), and the state promises work and education (arts. 19, 22). The catalogue is long; the guarantees depend on future laws.
Guarantee and brake stand in neighbouring articles: liberties are guaranteed (art. 28), but using them against the socialist order is barred (art. 29). Conscience is free, and school is separated from church (art. 30).
1948 – 1991 · Rupture
The architecture of rights comes apart: guarantor, condition or order changes entirely.
1948: equality and voting from 18, with social rights promised
1991: a long catalogue, censorship banned, voting from 18
Voting age falls to 18, women are equal to men in every field (art. 21), and the state promises work and education (arts. 19, 22). The catalogue is long; the guarantees depend on future laws.
The 1866 ban on censorship returns as a principle, and the catalogue of rights is tied to international treaties (art. 20). Voting comes at 18 (art. 34), and the People's Advocate guards everyone's rights.
1965 – 1991 · Rupture
The architecture of rights comes apart: guarantor, condition or order changes entirely.
1965: liberties guaranteed, barred against the order
1991: a long catalogue, censorship banned, voting from 18
Guarantee and brake stand in neighbouring articles: liberties are guaranteed (art. 28), but using them against the socialist order is barred (art. 29). Conscience is free, and school is separated from church (art. 30).
The 1866 ban on censorship returns as a principle, and the catalogue of rights is tied to international treaties (art. 20). Voting comes at 18 (art. 34), and the People's Advocate guards everyone's rights.
Who rules?
1866 – 1923 · Continuity
The architecture passes from one text to the next: who shares power stays, even as office names change.
1866: powers come from the nation; laws are made by the Domn with two Assemblies
1923: the same architecture, with a Legislative Council and constitutional review
Separation is clear-cut: the Domn with liable ministers (art. 92), two Assemblies, the courts of law. The Domn sanctions laws and may refuse sanction (art. 93); the Constitution cannot be suspended (art. 128).
The key sentence passes almost unchanged. The novelties: the Legislative Council must be consulted on laws (art. 76), and the Court of Cassation, in United Sections, reviews their constitutionality.
1866 – 1938 · Rewriting
The sentence stays, the mechanism moves: the same proposition about power, held by someone else.
1866: powers come from the nation; laws are made by the Domn with two Assemblies
1938: powers come from the nation, but laws start with the King
Separation is clear-cut: the Domn with liable ministers (art. 92), two Assemblies, the courts of law. The Domn sanctions laws and may refuse sanction (art. 93); the Constitution cannot be suspended (art. 128).
The sentence about the nation stays, but legislative initiative passes to the King; the Assemblies may propose only laws of general state interest (art. 31). The King is Head of State (art. 30), and the executive is the King's through his Government (art. 32).
1866 – 1948 · Rupture
The order of powers comes apart: separation gives way to concentration or to a single assembly.
1866: powers come from the nation; laws are made by the Domn with two Assemblies
1948: a single Assembly is the supreme organ and the sole legislator
Separation is clear-cut: the Domn with liable ministers (art. 92), two Assemblies, the courts of law. The Domn sanctions laws and may refuse sanction (art. 93); the Constitution cannot be suspended (art. 128).
Separation disappears: a single Assembly elects the 19-member Presidium, which issues decrees between sessions (art. 44). No constitutional review exists anywhere in the text.
1866 – 1965 · Rupture
The order of powers comes apart: separation gives way to concentration or to a single assembly.
1866: powers come from the nation; laws are made by the Domn with two Assemblies
1965: the Great Assembly runs everything; between sessions the Council of State legislates
Separation is clear-cut: the Domn with liable ministers (art. 92), two Assemblies, the courts of law. The Domn sanctions laws and may refuse sanction (art. 93); the Constitution cannot be suspended (art. 128).
Everything passes through the Great National Assembly, elected by universal, equal, direct and secret vote (art. 4). Between sessions, the Council of State issues norms with the force of law (art. 64). The Communist Party is the leading force of the whole society (art. 3). From 1974, the state gains a president.
1866 – 1991 · Continuity
The architecture passes from one text to the next: who shares power stays, even as office names change.
1866: powers come from the nation; laws are made by the Domn with two Assemblies
1991: popular sovereignty, a two-chamber Parliament, an elected president, a Constitutional Court
Separation is clear-cut: the Domn with liable ministers (art. 92), two Assemblies, the courts of law. The Domn sanctions laws and may refuse sanction (art. 93); the Constitution cannot be suspended (art. 128).
The democratic, social state governed by the rule of law is the principle of art. 1, the two-chamber Parliament remains the legislator, the President is elected by everyone (art. 81), and the Constitutional Court guards the constitutionality of laws (Title V).
1923 – 1938 · Rewriting
The sentence stays, the mechanism moves: the same proposition about power, held by someone else.
1923: the same architecture, with a Legislative Council and constitutional review
1938: powers come from the nation, but laws start with the King
The key sentence passes almost unchanged. The novelties: the Legislative Council must be consulted on laws (art. 76), and the Court of Cassation, in United Sections, reviews their constitutionality.
The sentence about the nation stays, but legislative initiative passes to the King; the Assemblies may propose only laws of general state interest (art. 31). The King is Head of State (art. 30), and the executive is the King's through his Government (art. 32).
1923 – 1948 · Rupture
The order of powers comes apart: separation gives way to concentration or to a single assembly.
1923: the same architecture, with a Legislative Council and constitutional review
1948: a single Assembly is the supreme organ and the sole legislator
The key sentence passes almost unchanged. The novelties: the Legislative Council must be consulted on laws (art. 76), and the Court of Cassation, in United Sections, reviews their constitutionality.
Separation disappears: a single Assembly elects the 19-member Presidium, which issues decrees between sessions (art. 44). No constitutional review exists anywhere in the text.
1923 – 1965 · Rupture
The order of powers comes apart: separation gives way to concentration or to a single assembly.
1923: the same architecture, with a Legislative Council and constitutional review
1965: the Great Assembly runs everything; between sessions the Council of State legislates
The key sentence passes almost unchanged. The novelties: the Legislative Council must be consulted on laws (art. 76), and the Court of Cassation, in United Sections, reviews their constitutionality.
Everything passes through the Great National Assembly, elected by universal, equal, direct and secret vote (art. 4). Between sessions, the Council of State issues norms with the force of law (art. 64). The Communist Party is the leading force of the whole society (art. 3). From 1974, the state gains a president.
1923 – 1991 · Continuity
The architecture passes from one text to the next: who shares power stays, even as office names change.
1923: the same architecture, with a Legislative Council and constitutional review
1991: popular sovereignty, a two-chamber Parliament, an elected president, a Constitutional Court
The key sentence passes almost unchanged. The novelties: the Legislative Council must be consulted on laws (art. 76), and the Court of Cassation, in United Sections, reviews their constitutionality.
The democratic, social state governed by the rule of law is the principle of art. 1, the two-chamber Parliament remains the legislator, the President is elected by everyone (art. 81), and the Constitutional Court guards the constitutionality of laws (Title V).
1938 – 1948 · Rupture
The order of powers comes apart: separation gives way to concentration or to a single assembly.
1938: powers come from the nation, but laws start with the King
1948: a single Assembly is the supreme organ and the sole legislator
The sentence about the nation stays, but legislative initiative passes to the King; the Assemblies may propose only laws of general state interest (art. 31). The King is Head of State (art. 30), and the executive is the King's through his Government (art. 32).
Separation disappears: a single Assembly elects the 19-member Presidium, which issues decrees between sessions (art. 44). No constitutional review exists anywhere in the text.
1938 – 1965 · Rupture
The order of powers comes apart: separation gives way to concentration or to a single assembly.
1938: powers come from the nation, but laws start with the King
1965: the Great Assembly runs everything; between sessions the Council of State legislates
The sentence about the nation stays, but legislative initiative passes to the King; the Assemblies may propose only laws of general state interest (art. 31). The King is Head of State (art. 30), and the executive is the King's through his Government (art. 32).
Everything passes through the Great National Assembly, elected by universal, equal, direct and secret vote (art. 4). Between sessions, the Council of State issues norms with the force of law (art. 64). The Communist Party is the leading force of the whole society (art. 3). From 1974, the state gains a president.
1938 – 1991 · Rupture
The order of powers comes apart: separation gives way to concentration or to a single assembly.
1938: powers come from the nation, but laws start with the King
1991: popular sovereignty, a two-chamber Parliament, an elected president, a Constitutional Court
The sentence about the nation stays, but legislative initiative passes to the King; the Assemblies may propose only laws of general state interest (art. 31). The King is Head of State (art. 30), and the executive is the King's through his Government (art. 32).
The democratic, social state governed by the rule of law is the principle of art. 1, the two-chamber Parliament remains the legislator, the President is elected by everyone (art. 81), and the Constitutional Court guards the constitutionality of laws (Title V).
1948 – 1965 · Continuity
The architecture passes from one text to the next: who shares power stays, even as office names change.
1948: a single Assembly is the supreme organ and the sole legislator
1965: the Great Assembly runs everything; between sessions the Council of State legislates
Separation disappears: a single Assembly elects the 19-member Presidium, which issues decrees between sessions (art. 44). No constitutional review exists anywhere in the text.
Everything passes through the Great National Assembly, elected by universal, equal, direct and secret vote (art. 4). Between sessions, the Council of State issues norms with the force of law (art. 64). The Communist Party is the leading force of the whole society (art. 3). From 1974, the state gains a president.
1948 – 1991 · Rupture
The order of powers comes apart: separation gives way to concentration or to a single assembly.
1948: a single Assembly is the supreme organ and the sole legislator
1991: popular sovereignty, a two-chamber Parliament, an elected president, a Constitutional Court
Separation disappears: a single Assembly elects the 19-member Presidium, which issues decrees between sessions (art. 44). No constitutional review exists anywhere in the text.
The democratic, social state governed by the rule of law is the principle of art. 1, the two-chamber Parliament remains the legislator, the President is elected by everyone (art. 81), and the Constitutional Court guards the constitutionality of laws (Title V).
1965 – 1991 · Rupture
The order of powers comes apart: separation gives way to concentration or to a single assembly.
1965: the Great Assembly runs everything; between sessions the Council of State legislates
1991: popular sovereignty, a two-chamber Parliament, an elected president, a Constitutional Court
Everything passes through the Great National Assembly, elected by universal, equal, direct and secret vote (art. 4). Between sessions, the Council of State issues norms with the force of law (art. 64). The Communist Party is the leading force of the whole society (art. 3). From 1974, the state gains a president.
The democratic, social state governed by the rule of law is the principle of art. 1, the two-chamber Parliament remains the legislator, the President is elected by everyone (art. 81), and the Constitutional Court guards the constitutionality of laws (Title V).