The anthropology of death, sorted by question

Death, everywhere

Name: Death, everywhere
Creator: Marius Comper
Published: 2026-09-11
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Thirty-two questions about being dead, answered by 186 dated societies and 137 Austronesian cultures, with the societies nobody coded kept in the picture.

By Marius Comper. Built on the D-PLACE releases of the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (v3.3) and Pulotu (v1.3.1), September 2026.

Anthropologists have asked, about 186 societies, whether a dead person's name may still be spoken. They found an answer for 40. In 19 of those the name stays in use. In 21 it is restricted, and in 18 the restriction is strong or permanent: among the Twana of Puget Sound in 1860, the name of the dead was not to be spoken again. The other 146 societies have no value. Nobody coded them, which is a different thing from the name being free to use.

That is the shape of almost everything on this page. The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, drawn up by George Murdock and Douglas White in 1969, is 186 societies chosen to spread across the world's regions and language families, each pinned to one place and one year. The year matters. The median society is described as it was in 1915; 12 of the 186 are dated before 1800, 19 after 1950, and 89.9 per cent of the 4,199 death observations below describe a time before 1951. Two teams later read the ethnographies for the questions asked here. Sissel Schroeder coded eight questions about what happens to the bones for 162 societies. Paul Rosenblatt, Patricia Walsh and Douglas Jackson coded 83 questions about grief and mourning, and the current release holds their values for 67 societies at most, on many questions for far fewer.

So every figure below says how many societies had an answer, and draws the ones that did not. A separate Austronesian database, Pulotu, answers four more questions for 137 cultures of the Pacific and island Southeast Asia, each dated to the earliest period its sources describe. After the figures come the cases that the codes compress, read at their dates, the arguments anthropologists bring to all of this, and the questions nobody has coded at all.

How to read every figure on this page

Every mark is dated

A society is described at one focal year, by the sources of that time. Twana in 1860 is a record of 1860, and says nothing about Twana people now.

Not coded is not no

A blank means the coders found no usable description, or never reached that society. The bottom row of every figure holds those societies, drawn in grey, so the answered ones are never mistaken for the whole sample.

A code compresses a book

"Name taboo present and permanent" stands for pages of ethnography. Where two coders disagreed, the sample keeps the disagreement as a value, and so does this page.

Marks are not votes

Neighbouring and related societies share history, so 38 societies with a second handling of the bones is not 38 independent inventions. Counts here describe the sample; they are not percentages of humanity.

The 186 societies by the decade of their focal year. The 102 between 1900 and 1950 are drawn in the accent colour; the 4 societies dated before 1500, from Babylon in 1750 BCE to the Khmer of 1292, sit in the first bar, and 12 in all are dated before 1800. Source: D-PLACE SCCS v3.3, societies table.

How many of the 186 societies have a value on each of the 93 death variables. Ten variables reach 100 or more societies: Schroeder's eight on the bones and the two on world religions. Thirty have values for 20 societies or fewer; the least covered has 8. Hover a bar for the variable's name.

The strips that follow put every society on a time axis, one mark each, sorted into the coded answers and a bottom row for the uncoded. Hover or tap a mark for the society, its focal year and its value; select it to open the society's full record further down. The counts under each strip are in the page itself and stay readable if the drawing does not load.

Part one

The body

The best-covered questions in the sample are about bones, because Schroeder coded them for archaeologists, who can see a second burial in the ground long after the words spoken over it are gone.

Are the bones or the body handled a second time?

SCCS1852, Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two. Coded by Schroeder, S. (2001). Secondary disposal of the dead: cross-cultural codes. World Cultures, 12(1), 77-93.

Of the 162 societies with a value, 101 have no second handling of the body or bones. In 38 it happens in nearly all deaths, and in 23 in a minority of them. The 38 with a second handling as the rule run from Babylon in 1750 BCE and the Aztec of 1520 through the Huron and Mi'kmaq of the 1600s, the Māori of 1820, the Toda of 1900 and the Ifugao of 1910. Robert Hertz built his 1907 theory of the double funeral on cases like these: an interval during which the body decays, the soul travels and the mourners are set apart, closed by a second rite that settles all three.

Schroeder's 2001 codes, the best-covered death variables in the sample: 162 of 186 societies have a value.

Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two (162 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	101
present: minority	23
present: nearly all	38
Not coded	24

Eastern Toraja, Sulawesi. An eHRAF culture summary describes two funerals for most Eastern Toraja groups, the bones cleaned, wrapped and brought home a year or two after the death; the sample's Toradja record of 1910 codes secondary handling as absent, and the two are shown here side by side rather than reconciled. Read the case.

Schroeder's original scale (SCCS1850) also records why the second handling happens: return of the body to the home place, the circumstances of the death, or the status of the dead person. The counts table for that scale is in each society's record.

Are the bones taken apart before their final resting place?

SCCS1853, Disarticulation: Scale Two. Coded by Schroeder, S. (2001). Secondary disposal of the dead: cross-cultural codes. World Cultures, 12(1), 77-93.

Taking the skeleton apart before its final placement is coded for the same 162 societies. It is absent in 92, the rule in 33 and a minority practice in 37. The original scale separates deliberate disarticulation from the work of scavengers, which is the distinction an archaeologist most needs.

Disarticulation: Scale Two. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Disarticulation: Scale Two (162 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	92
present: minority	37
present: nearly all	33
Not coded	24

How much do the bereaved touch the corpse?

SCCS1950, Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Rosenblatt's coders rated how much the bereaved handle the corpse on a scale from 0 to 8. Of 56 societies, only 4 are at the low end; 32 sit in the middle and 20 at the high end. Washing, dressing, carrying and sitting with the body are the ordinary condition; keeping the bereaved away from it is the exception.

Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse (56 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
1	3
2	1
3	10
4	10
5	12
6	11
7	7
A very large deal	2
Not coded	130

Diné (Navajo), 1860–1970. Mary Shepardson's 1978 article describes what happened to Navajo avoidance of the dead when hospitals and the army became ordinary employers: a nurse or a soldier cannot keep it. Read the case.

Is there fear of the dead body itself?

SCCS1943, Fear of Bodies Present. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Fear of the corpse itself, as distinct from fear of the ghost, has a value for only 20 societies: present in 8, absent in 12. Twenty is too few to say anything about the world; it is enough to say that the two fears do not travel together.

Fear of Bodies Present. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Fear of Bodies Present (20 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	12
Present	8
Not coded	166

A round stone tower on a bare hill outside Yazd, Iran, with the city in the distance — A tower of silence outside Yazd, Iran, 2016. Zoroastrian communities exposed their dead on such towers so that the body, considered polluting, touched neither earth nor fire. The Yazd towers are no longer used. Photograph: Diego Delso, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Part two

The funeral

Rosenblatt's team separated the rites around the first disposal from any later ceremony, and coded feasting, dancing, games and alcohol for each. The later ceremony is where the double funeral of the bone questions reappears as a social fact.

How much ritual surrounds the first disposal of the body?

SCCS1949, Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

On a scale of 0 to 8 for how much ritual surrounds the first disposal, 62 societies have a value: 11 low, 33 moderate, 18 high. A quick burial is not a bare one; the Javanese record of 1954, with burial within hours, sits in the moderate band.

Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal (62 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
1	2
2	9
3	8
4	15
5	10
6	9
7	8
A very large amount	1
Not coded	124

How much do ritual specialists do before the body is disposed of?

SCCS1948, Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Of 45 societies, 12 give ritual specialists nothing to do before the body is disposed of, 15 give them a little, 12 a fair amount and 6 most of the work. The funeral director, priest or undertaker who runs a death is a particular arrangement, and in this sample a minority one.

Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal (45 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Specialists do nothing	12
1	8
2	4
3	3
4	3
5	6
6	3
7	2
8	2
9	2
Not coded	141

Banaras, 1970s–1980s. Jonathan Parry's Death in Banaras describes the other extreme: a city whose cremation ghats are staffed by specialists who handle the pyre, take the gifts and sell the good death. Read the case.

Is there a feast at the first funeral?

SCCS1986, Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies; SCCS1988, Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies; SCCS1987, Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies; SCCS1990, Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

A feast at the first funeral is present in 25 of 46 coded societies and absent in 21, a near-even split. Dancing, games and alcohol at the same ceremony are coded for fewer societies and are each absent more often than present.

Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies (46 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	21
Present	25
Not coded	140

Related variables, drawn the same way: Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies (38 coded); Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies (33 coded); Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies (35 coded)

Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies (38 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	27
Present	11
Not coded	148

Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies (33 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	24
Present	9
Not coded	153

Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies (35 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	20
Present	15
Not coded	151

How many people attend?

SCCS1975, Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Attendance at the first ceremony was estimated in persons for 57 societies, from 8 to 325, with a median of 75. Final ceremonies have estimates for 25 societies with a similar median; one value of 999 is treated as a sentinel and left out of the figure.

Recorded as persons. A value of 999 appears once and is treated as a sentinel rather than a count.

Estimated attendance at initial and final funeral ceremonies, one dot per society, dashed line at the median. Source: SCCS1975 and SCCS1976, Rosenblatt, Walsh and Jackson.

Is there a final ceremony, later, that closes the death?

SCCS1980, Final Ceremonies Present or Absent; SCCS1984, Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning; SCCS1991, Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

A final ceremony some time after the first is present in 38 of 52 coded societies. Where the coders could say what it did, it ends mourning in 15 of 21, and a feast accompanies it in 24 of 27, a far higher share than at the first funeral. The first funeral disposes of a body. The last one releases the living.

Final Ceremonies Present or Absent. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Final Ceremonies Present or Absent (52 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	14
Present	38
Not coded	134

Related variables, drawn the same way: Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning (21 coded); Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies (27 coded)

Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning (21 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
No	6
Yes	15
Not coded	165

Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies (27 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	3
Present	24
Not coded	159

Saramaka, Suriname. An eHRAF culture summary describes Saramaka death rites that run for about a year and end with the dead person's transition to ancestor status; a later second funeral ends mourning and expels the ghost from the village. Read the case.

Are costly offerings made, including grave goods meant to help the dead?

Pulotu variable 36, costly sacrifices and offerings, traditional time focus. Coded by Watts and colleagues from the ethnographic sources of each culture.

Pulotu asks, of 137 Austronesian cultures, whether valuable things were given up to supernatural agents, and counts the destruction or burial of the dead person's property when the sources say it was meant to benefit the dead. It is present in 107 of the 129 cultures with a value and absent in 22. Human sacrifice is excluded from the definition by design.

Costly sacrifices and offerings. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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Pulotu's dates are the earliest period for which the sources allow a detailed reconstruction of the indigenous religion, which puts most cultures in the 1800s and none in the present. Coded values describe that period.

Painted coffins shaped like a cocoa pod, a fish, a cow and a bottle of beer in a workshop in Accra — Fantasy coffins (abebuu adekai) in a workshop in Accra, Ghana, 2011. A Ga carpenter builds the coffin in the shape of the dead person's trade or wish; the funeral is where the object is seen. Photograph: René Edward Knupfer-Müller, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Part three

Grief

Rosenblatt, Walsh and Jackson published Grief and Mourning in Cross-Cultural Perspective in 1976 to test whether grief is universal and whether societies channel it. Their codes are the only systematic cross-cultural record of crying, self-injury and anger at a death, and they cover at most 67 societies.

Do people cry, and for how long?

SCCS1918, Crying Frequency; SCCS1919, Crying Duration; SCCS1944, Sex Difference, Crying. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Crying at a death is coded for 58 societies: frequent in 56, occasional in 1, absent in 1. Its duration has a value for 31, and in 10 of those it continues for more than a week. The difference between the sexes is coded for 48 societies on a scale where 1 means women cry far more than men and 10 means men cry far more: 13 societies sit at 1, 12 at the midpoint, and one at 8, the only record leaning toward men.

Crying Frequency. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Crying Frequency (58 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Crying is absent	1
2	1
6	2
7	8
Crying is frequent	46
Not coded	128

Related variables, drawn the same way: Crying Duration (31 coded); Sex Difference, Crying (48 coded)

Crying Duration. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Crying Duration (31 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Less than a few minutes	1
2	3
8	1
10	2
11	1
12	8
14	4
15	1
More than a week	10
Not coded	155

Sex Difference, Crying. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Sex Difference, Crying (48 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Women show much more of it than men	13
3	6
4	8
5	8
Sexes are approximately equal	12
8	1
Not coded	138

Akan, Ghana, 1952–1955. Nketia's Akan dirges, collected in 1952 to 1954, are what the code 'crying is frequent' compresses: women's wailing opens public mourning, and the dirge says what the singer has lost. Read the case.

Do the bereaved injure themselves?

SCCS1923, Actual Self-injury: Frequency; SCCS1922, Attempted Self-injury: Frequency. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Actual self-injury by the bereaved, such as cutting the body or the hair, is coded for 43 societies: absent in 20, occasional in 13, frequent in 10. Attempted self-injury is coded separately, and the sex difference in both is coded for fewer than twenty societies, with women ahead of men in most.

Actual Self-injury: Frequency. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Actual Self-injury: Frequency (43 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	20
1	5
2	4
3	1
4	3
6	1
7	2
Very frequent	7
Not coded	143

Related variables, drawn the same way: Attempted Self-injury: Frequency (44 coded)

Attempted Self-injury: Frequency. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Attempted Self-injury: Frequency (44 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	20
1	2
2	1
3	4
4	3
5	2
6	2
7	2
Very frequent	8
Not coded	142

The coders recorded a rate, not a meaning. Hair cut at a death and skin cut at a death are different acts with different names in every society that has them, and the sources that describe them are as old as the focal years.

Is there an expected, institutionalised target for anger?

SCCS1937, Somebody Institutionalized Target; SCCS1938, Something Institutionalized Target; SCCS1936, Self Institutionalized Target; SCCS1935, Presumed Killer Institutional Target. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Rosenblatt's coders asked whether anger after a death has an expected target. Attack on somebody is present in 15 of 24 coded societies, absent in 5, and the two raters disagreed on 4. The narrower targets, an outgroup, a presumed killer, the self, or an object, are each coded for fewer than twenty societies. A death that has a culprit is one of the oldest ways of saying that death is not natural.

Two coders rated these; the sample keeps their disagreement as a value rather than forcing a yes or a no.

Somebody Institutionalized Target. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Somebody Institutionalized Target (24 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Both raters say it is absent	5
Raters disagree on presence	4
Both raters say it is present	15
Not coded	162

Related variables, drawn the same way: Something Institutionalized Target (19 coded); Self Institutionalized Target (16 coded); Presumed Killer Institutional Target (11 coded)

Something Institutionalized Target. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Something Institutionalized Target (19 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Both raters say it is absent	5
Raters disagree on presence	3
Both raters say it is present	11
Not coded	167

Self Institutionalized Target. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Self Institutionalized Target (16 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Both raters say it is absent	5
Raters disagree on presence	1
Both raters say it is present	10
Not coded	170

Presumed Killer Institutional Target. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Presumed Killer Institutional Target (11 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Both raters say it is absent	5
Raters disagree on presence	3
Both raters say it is present	3
Not coded	175

How long does mourning last?

SCCS1978, Mourning: Duration, Widows. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Mourning duration was recorded in days. Widows have a value in 40 societies, from 2 days among the Shavante of 1958 to 913 days among the Omaha of 1860, with a median of 341.5; 10 exceed a year and 8 last a month or less. Widowers have a value in 29, median 183 days. In the 27 societies where both are coded, the two periods are equal in 20, longer for the widow in 6 and longer for the widower in 1, the Pawnee of 1867, at 822 days against 457. Adult children have a value in 14 societies, median 120 days.

Recorded in days. A value of 999 appears once and is treated as a sentinel rather than a duration.

Tsonga, southern Africa, 1895. The sample's Tsonga record (Ronga, 1895) puts a widow's mourning at 365 days; an eHRAF summary describes the same year as an official rule during which sexual intercourse is forbidden. Read the case.

Mourning duration in days for widows, widowers and adult children, one dot per society, dashed line at the median. One value of 999 for adult children is left out as a sentinel. Source: SCCS1977 to SCCS1979, Rosenblatt, Walsh and Jackson.

How much grief remains once mourning is officially over?

SCCS1985, Amount of Grief after End of Mourning. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

How much grief remains after mourning formally ends is coded for 19 societies, spread almost evenly across little, some and a great deal. It is the smallest number on this page that still carries an idea: the end of mourning is a social date, and the coders did not expect grief to keep to it.

Amount of Grief after End of Mourning. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Amount of Grief after End of Mourning (19 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
1	2
2	4
3	2
4	1
5	4
6	1
7	5
Not coded	167

A funeral procession walks along a coastal road in Elmina, Ghana, mourners in red and black — A funeral procession in Elmina, Ghana, 2002. The mourners wear red and black, the colours of Akan funerals. Photograph: Loek Tangel, Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Part four

What the death rearranges

The Human Relations Area Files index this under "social readjustment to death": the name, the house, the property and the spouse are all attached to a person who is no longer there, and every society has rules for detaching them.

May the dead person's name still be spoken?

SCCS1969, Name Taboo Present; SCCS1972, Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

The name is restricted in 21 of 40 coded societies and free in 19. The 18 strong or permanent taboos are not one region's habit: six in North America, five in Africa, three in South and Central America, two in Asia, one in the Andaman Islands and one in the Pacific. The four coded as permanent are Yurok (1850), Andamanese (1860), Twana (1860), Pawnee (1867). Where the taboo is present, a second variable asks whether it binds mainly the close relatives, and the answer is yes in 11 of 15.

Name Taboo Present. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Name Taboo Present (40 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
No taboo	19
1	1
2	2
Name taboo present and permanent	4
6	3
7	1
8	10
Not coded	146

Related variables, drawn the same way: Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased (15 coded)

Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased (15 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
No	4
Yes	11
Not coded	171

Indigenous Australian communities widely restrict the names and images of the dead. The sample's two Australian records (Northern Aranda 1896, Tiwi 1929) have no value on this variable, so the strips do not show them, which is a gap in the coding and not evidence of absence.

Is the house, or the room, abandoned?

SCCS1970, Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily; SCCS1971, Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

The dead person's house or room is abandoned, at least for a time, in 16 of 51 coded societies. The whole camp or village moves in 6 of 52: Andamanese (1860), Vedda (1860), Copper Inuit (1915), Semang (1925), Sirionó (1942), Mbuti (1950). All six are mobile hunting or foraging peoples, for whom moving camp is cheap; a house of brick is a house that stays.

Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily (51 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
No	35
Yes	16
Not coded	135

Related variables, drawn the same way: Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment (52 coded)

Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment (52 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
No	46
Yes	6
Not coded	134

Diné (Navajo), 1860–1970. Shepardson's Navajo case is the mechanism in one sentence: an urban house cannot be abandoned or burned after a death the way a rural hogan could. Read the case.

What happens to the possessions?

SCCS1967, Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time; SCCS1968, Amount of Useful Property Destroyed. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Some of the dead person's belongings are buried with the body, given away or put out of use in 36 of 44 coded societies. How much useful property is destroyed is coded on a scale of 0 to 11 for 62: none in 13, some in 20, a great deal in 29. Destroying wealth at a death is common in this sample, and archaeologists reading grave goods should read the second figure as a warning: what is in the grave is only the part that was not burned, given away or hidden.

Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time (44 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
No	8
Yes	36
Not coded	142

Related variables, drawn the same way: Amount of Useful Property Destroyed (62 coded)

Amount of Useful Property Destroyed. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Amount of Useful Property Destroyed (62 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
None	13
2	9
4	9
5	2
6	11
7	6
8	9
10	2
11	1
Not coded	124

Are widows marked out, and are widowers?

SCCS1955, Marking of Widows; SCCS1956, Marking of Widowers; SCCS1957, Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

A widow is marked out, by dress, hair, paint or seclusion, in 43 of 47 coded societies; a widower in 32 of 37. Adult children of the dead are marked in 24 of 29 societies coded, and the children of a dead person in 14 of 19. Marking is nearly universal where it was coded; what differs is who carries it and for how long.

Marking of Widows. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Marking of Widows (47 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	4
Present	43
Not coded	139

Related variables, drawn the same way: Marking of Widowers (37 coded); Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased (29 coded)

Marking of Widowers. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Marking of Widowers (37 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	5
Present	32
Not coded	149

Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased (29 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	5
Present	24
Not coded	157

Are widows isolated, and are widowers?

SCCS1951, Isolation of Widows; SCCS1952, Isolation of Widowers. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Isolation is rarer than marking. Widows are isolated in 15 of 34 coded societies and widowers in 11 of 32. Adult children and the parents of a dead child are isolated in only 3 societies each of 27 coded. The spouse is the one set apart, and the widow slightly more often than the widower.

Isolation of Widows. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Isolation of Widows (34 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	19
Present	15
Not coded	152

Related variables, drawn the same way: Isolation of Widowers (32 coded)

Isolation of Widowers. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Isolation of Widowers (32 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	21
Present	11
Not coded	154

Must a widow be cleansed?

SCCS1973, Cleansing of Widows. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

A rite that cleanses the widow before she rejoins ordinary life is definitely present in 13 of 26 coded societies, possibly present in 4 and absent in 9. There is no matching variable for widowers.

Cleansing of Widows. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Cleansing of Widows (26 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	9
Possibly present	4
Definitely present	13
Not coded	160

Is a widow expected to marry her husband's brother?

SCCS1966, Levirate Present Vs. Absent; SCCS1963, Sororate Present Vs. Absent. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

The levirate, in which a widow marries her dead husband's brother, is present in 34 of 37 coded societies; the sororate, in which a widower marries his dead wife's sister, in 16 of 18. Both are ways of keeping a marriage alliance alive after one partner dies, and both are far more often present than absent wherever a coder looked.

Levirate Present Vs. Absent. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Levirate Present Vs. Absent (37 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	3
Present	34
Not coded	149

Related variables, drawn the same way: Sororate Present Vs. Absent (18 coded)

Sororate Present Vs. Absent. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Sororate Present Vs. Absent (18 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	2
Present	16
Not coded	168

The share of widows who actually remarry (SCCS1964) exists in the release for 27 societies but its values run from 30 to 200, which cannot be a plain percentage; the codebook that would explain the scale is not open to automated access, so this page lists the variable in the index and does not chart it.

Is there conflict over the inheritance?

SCCS1999, Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Conflict over the inheritance is coded for only 19 societies, and in 10 of them the coders found a high degree of it. This is the variable Rosenblatt's team used to test whether death rites are also property settlements; nineteen societies is too few to settle anything, and the question is one of the largest gaps in the sample.

Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance (19 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
None	3
2	4
3	1
4	1
6	6
7	1
High degree of that	3
Not coded	167

A whitewashed concrete family tomb with iron gates stands in open grassland near Antananarivo under a moonlit sky — A Merina family tomb near Antananarivo, Madagascar, 2008. Among the Merina the tomb, not the house, is the durable property of a descent group; the Austronesian database places its traditional Merina record at 1820. Photograph: Lemurbaby, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.

Part five

The dead among the living

Rosenblatt's team treated ghost beliefs as a measure of how far a society lets the dead go. Pulotu asks the Austronesian world whether some of the dead become gods.

Are there ghosts?

SCCS1960, Ghosts Present; SCCS1941, Fear of Ghost Present; SCCS1942, Degree of Fear of Ghost. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Ghosts are present in 58 of 59 coded societies. The single absence is the Maasai record of 1900. Fear of them is coded for 41: present in 34, absent in 7. The degree of fear, on a scale that runs to 27, is spread from none to the top of the scale.

Ghosts Present. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Ghosts Present (59 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
No	1
Yes	58
Not coded	127

Related variables, drawn the same way: Fear of Ghost Present (41 coded); Degree of Fear of Ghost (39 coded)

Fear of Ghost Present. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Fear of Ghost Present (41 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	7
Present	34
Not coded	145

Degree of Fear of Ghost. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Degree of Fear of Ghost (39 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
None	7
8	1
10	1
12	3
13	3
15	2
17	2
18	1
20	7
22	5
23	3
25	3
Terror	1
Not coded	147

Jicarilla Apache, New Mexico, 1934–1935. Opler's Jicarilla study of 1934 and 1935 is the ethnography behind a 'fear of ghosts present' code: a burial party that returns by another route and does not look back. Read the case.

Are the ghosts the people one knew best?

SCCS1961, Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known; SCCS1974, Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Whether the ghosts people meet are those of the people they knew best is coded for 38 societies, and both coders agreed it was so in 29. The feared ghosts are also mostly those of the people best known. Grief and fear have the same object.

Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known (38 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	2
Possibly present	7
Present	29
Not coded	148

Related variables, drawn the same way: Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known (26 coded)

Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known (26 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Absent	1
Possibly present	6
Present	19
Not coded	160

How far away do the spirits of the dead end up?

SCCS1962, Eventual Distance of Spirits. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Where the spirits of the dead eventually settle is coded on a scale from 0, close to the survivors, to 20, always away. Of 46 societies, 6 keep the dead close, 18 at a distance and 22 always away. The final ceremony of Part two is often the rite that moves them.

Eventual Distance of Spirits. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Eventual Distance of Spirits (46 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
Close to survivors	1
2	1
3	1
5	3
7	1
8	4
10	5
12	3
13	5
15	6
17	4
18	2
Always away from survivors	10
Not coded	140

Do some ancestors become gods?

Pulotu variable 4, belief in deified ancestors; Pulotu variable 5, belief in ancestral spirits. Traditional time focus.

Pulotu separates an ancestral spirit, a dead forebear who keeps influencing one family, from a deified ancestor, whose influence has widened to a whole tribe or society. Of 132 Austronesian cultures with a value, deified ancestors are absent in 46, present but minor in 6, a major focus in 68 and the principal focus in 12. Ancestral spirits in the narrower sense are absent in only 6 of 131. Ancestorhood is a status that some dead reach and most do not; in these sources a few reached divinity.

Belief in deified ancestor(s). Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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Belief in ancestral spirits. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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Saramaka, Suriname. The Saramaka sequence, where a year of rites makes an ancestor, is the same idea seen from the funeral end. Read the case.

Hundreds of small stone Jizo statues in red bibs stand in rows under cedar trees at Okunoin cemetery — Jizo statues and memorials at Okunoin cemetery, Koyasan, Japan, 2015. Jizo is the bodhisattva who looks after the dead, and above all dead children; the bibs are gifts from the living. Photograph: Josep M. Gracia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Part six

Beyond death

Three questions about what happens next: whether the dead return as new people, whether the living can change a dead person's fate, and whether a life's conduct does.

Do dead adults come back as new people?

SCCS1998, Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Belief that dead adults are reborn is coded for 53 societies. It is absent in 33, present at some strength in 11 and strong in 9: Huron (1634), Twana (1860), Comanche (1870), Eyak (1890), Trobriands (1914), Igbo (1935), Garo (1955), Balinese (1958), Burmese (1965). The strong cases are scattered across five regions and four centuries, and only two of them, the Burmese and the Balinese, sit inside a world religion that teaches rebirth. The other 133 societies have no value.

Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults (53 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
None	33
1	2
2	6
3	3
Strong belief	9
Not coded	133

Javanese, Pare, 1954. The Javanese record of 1954 is coded as deeply Islamised and at level 3 of 4 for reincarnation belief; an eHRAF summary describes the same town holding Islamic, spirit and rebirth ideas at once. Read the case.

Can what other people do after your death change your afterlife?

Pulotu variable 11, traditional time focus.

Of 123 Austronesian cultures with a value, the actions of the living after a death, above all the funeral rites, are one factor in the dead person's afterlife in 74, the principal determinant in 21 and irrelevant in 28. In most of the Austronesian world as its sources describe it, a funeral is done for the dead person's sake, and can fail.

Belief that the actions of others after one has died (e.g. funeral rites) can affect the nature of one's afterlife. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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Can how you lived change your afterlife?

Pulotu variable 12, traditional time focus.

The same cultures answer the moral question differently. Conduct in life is irrelevant to the afterlife in 48 of 120 coded cultures, one factor in 63 and the principal determinant in only 9. Put the two questions together and the pattern of the sources is clear: what your relatives do for you after you die mattered more often than what you did while alive.

Belief that one's actions while living can affect the nature of one's afterlife. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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Aztec, Tenochtitlan, 1520. The Aztec summary describes a third answer: the destination depended on how you died, and neither conduct nor rites could move you between the houses of the dead. Read the case.

Part seven

The religious frame

Two context variables describe the religious situation of each society at its focal date, and they are the only two coded for all 186.

Which world religion, if any, had reached the society?

SCCS2002, World Religions (1807). Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

At their focal dates, 116 of the 186 societies are coded as following an indigenous religion; 19 are deeply Islamised and 7 superficially; 6 deeply Christianised and 24 superficially; 10 follow a form of Buddhism and 4 Hinduism. Because the sample was built to represent the world's cultural diversity around the time of first description, it under-represents the religions that most of the world's dead are now buried under.

World Religions (1807). Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: World Religions (1807) (186 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
0 (indigenous religion)	116
1 (deep Islamization)	19
2 (deep Christianization)	6
3 (superficial Islamization)	7
4 (superficial Christianization)	24
5 (Mahayana Buddhism)	6
6 (Hinayana Buddhism)	2
7 (Vajrayana Buddhism)	2
8 (Hinduism)	4
Not coded	0

These are Rosenblatt's 1976 codes, kept by the release under their original labels.

How far had Christianity reached the society at its focal date?

SCCS1997, Degree of Christian Influence. Coded by Rosenblatt, P. C., Walsh, R. P., & Jackson, D. A. (2011). Grief and mourning codes. World Cultures eJournal, 18(2).

Rosenblatt's coders also rated the degree of Christian influence at the focal date, on a scale to 100, for 67 societies: none in 45, some in 17 and half or more in 5. They used it as a control, to check whether the mourning patterns they found were artefacts of missionary contact.

Degree of Christian Influence. Each mark is one society at its focal year; the bottom row holds the societies with no value. Variable page at D-PLACE.

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The counts: Degree of Christian Influence (67 of 186 societies coded)

Coded answer	Societies
None	45
2	2
10	5
15	2
20	1
30	4
40	2
45	1
60	2
70	2
Entirely Christian	1
Not coded	119

Aranda, Central Australia, 1896. The Aranda record of 1896 is coded as indigenous in religion; an eHRAF summary of the same collection describes Christian burial alongside four accounts of what the spirit does. Read the case.

Every society's record

Each of the 186 societies has a record below with every death variable it was coded on, its focal year, the sub-case the coders pinned it to, and a link to its D-PLACE page, where the sources the coders read are listed. The median society has values on 10 of the 93 variables, which means the eight on the bones and the two on religion; 67 societies carry Rosenblatt's grief codes as well, and the fullest record, the Javanese of 1954, has 74. Open a record with the search, from a mark in any strip, or by linking to it directly.

Babylonians10 of 93 coded1750 BCE, City and environs of Babylon; Western Asia

Focal year 1750 BCE; eHRAF collection Babylonians (MH07); Glottocode akka1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 83 death variables, including: Crying Frequency; Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Female Crying: Frequency; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Hebrews10 of 93 coded621 BCE, Kingdom of Judea; Western Asia

Focal year 621 BCE; eHRAF collection Israelites (MF07); Glottocode anci1244. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Ancient Romans10 of 93 coded110 CE, City and environs of Rome; Southeastern Europe

Also recorded as: Romans.

Focal year 110 CE; eHRAF collection Imperial Romans (EI09); Glottocode lati1261. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Ancient Khmer2 of 93 coded1292, City of Angkor, Capital; Indo-China

Also recorded as: Khmer.

Focal year 1292; eHRAF collection Cambodians (AM04); Glottocode oldk1249. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	6 (Hinayana Buddhism)

No value on the other 91 death variables, including: Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale; Disarticulation: Original Scale; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two; Disarticulation: Scale Two; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three; Disarticulation: Scale Three; and more.

Aztec10 of 93 coded1520, City & environs of Tenochtitlan; Mexico

Also recorded as: Aztec of Tenochtitlan.

Focal year 1520; eHRAF collection Aztecs (NU07); Glottocode clas1250. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Inca10 of 93 coded1530, City and environs of Cuzco; Western South America

Focal year 1530; eHRAF collection Inka (SE13); Glottocode cusc1236. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Tupinambá42 of 93 coded1550, Hinterland of Rio de Janeiro; Brazil

Also recorded as: Tupinamba.

Focal year 1550; eHRAF collection Tupinamba (SO09); Glottocode tupi1273. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	More than a week
Male Crying: Frequency	7
Female Crying: Frequency	7
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	20
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	Always away from survivors
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	130 percent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	97 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	7
Mourning: Duration, Widows	308 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	135 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 51 death variables, including: Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; and more.

Huron51 of 93 coded1634, Bear and Cord subtribes; Eastern Canada

Also recorded as: Bear and Cord Peoples; Wendat; Ouendat; Attignaouantan; Attinniaoenten; Attigneenongnahac; Hatingeennonniahak.

Focal year 1634; eHRAF collection Huron/Wendat (NG05); Glottocode wyan1247. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	More than a week
Male Crying: Frequency	Absent
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	5
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Widowers	Present
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	15
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	2
Name Taboo Present	6
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	Yes
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	75 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	999 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	365 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	365 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	Yes
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	No
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	Yes
Degree of Christian Influence	2
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	Strong belief
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 42 death variables, including: Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; and more.

Callinago10 of 93 coded1650, Dominica Island; Caribbean

Focal year 1650; eHRAF collection Island Carib (ST13); Glottocode isla1278. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Mi'kmaq46 of 93 coded1650, Mainland division; Eastern Canada

Also recorded as: Micmac.

Focal year 1650; eHRAF collection Mi'kmaq (NJ05); Glottocode mikm1235. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	14
Male Crying: Frequency	5
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	3
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	Raters disagree on presence
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Raters disagree on presence
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Raters disagree on presence
Sex Difference, Crying	5
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	3
Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression	Men show much more of the behavior
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	4
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	5
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	4
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	100 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	6
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	88 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	88 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	365 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	365 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	Yes
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 47 death variables, including: Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; and more.

Natchez10 of 93 coded1718, Kingdom; Southeastern U.S.A.

Focal year 1718; eHRAF collection Natchez (NO08); Glottocode natc1249. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Abipón47 of 93 coded1750, Those in contact with mission; Southern South America

Also recorded as: Abipon; Abipones.

Focal year 1750; eHRAF collection Abipón (SI04); Glottocode abip1241. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	More than a week
Male Crying: Frequency	Absent
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	Both raters say it is present
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression	Sexes are equal
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	4
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	5
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	3
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	11
Name Taboo Present	8
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	138 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	7
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 46 death variables, including: Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; and more.

Marquesans10 of 93 coded1800, Te-i'i Chiefdom S.W. Nuku Hiva; South-Central Pacific

Focal year 1800; eHRAF collection Marquesas (OX06); Glottocode nort2845. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Muscogee10 of 93 coded1800, Upper division in Alabama; Southeastern U.S.A.

Also recorded as: Creek; Taskigi Creek.

Focal year 1800; eHRAF collection Creek (NN11); Glottocode cree1270. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: return home
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: return home
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Māori10 of 93 coded1820, Nga Puhi Tribe; New Zealand

Also recorded as: Maori.

Focal year 1820; eHRAF collection Maori (OZ04); Glottocode maor1246. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Aleut10 of 93 coded1824, Unalaska branch; Subarctic America

Also recorded as: Unagan.

Focal year 1824; eHRAF collection Aleut (NA06); Glottocode east2533. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Upolu Samoans48 of 93 coded1829, Aana in Western Upolu Island; Southwestern Pacific

Also recorded as: Western Samoans; Upolu.

Focal year 1829; eHRAF collection Samoans (OU08); Glottocode samo1305. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: return home
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: return home
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	10
Male Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	23
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	Sexes are approximately equal
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	Sexes are approximately equal
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	1
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	4
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	12
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	82 persons
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	10
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 45 death variables, including: Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; and more.

Hidatsa43 of 93 coded1836, Village; North-Central U.S.A.

Focal year 1836; eHRAF collection Hidatsa (NQ14); Glottocode hida1246. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: other form
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	12
Male Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is present
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	4
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	4
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	3
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Marking of Widows	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	15
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	120 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	4
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	55 persons
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	15 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 50 death variables, including: Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; Presumed Killer Institutional Target; and more.

Mbau Fijians10 of 93 coded1840, Bau Chiefdom, Vanua Levu; Southwestern Pacific

Focal year 1840; eHRAF collection Bau Fijians (OQ12); Glottocode bauu1243. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Armenians2 of 93 coded1843, Vicinity of Erevan; Caucasus

Focal year 1843; eHRAF collection Armenia (RJ01); Glottocode nucl1235. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	2 (deep Christianization)
World Religions (1807)	2 (deep Christianization)

Ajie2 of 93 coded1845, Neje Chiefdom; Southwestern Pacific

Focal year 1845; eHRAF collection Kanak (OP04); Glottocode ajie1238. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Eastern Pomo10 of 93 coded1850, Clear Lake, village of Cignon; Southwestern U.S.A.

Also recorded as: Clear Lake Pomo; Eastern Pomo.

Focal year 1850; eHRAF collection Pomo (NS18); Glottocode east2545. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Munduruku10 of 93 coded1850, Cabrua village; Brazil

Also recorded as: Wuy Jugu; Mundurucu.

Focal year 1850; eHRAF collection Mundurucu (SQ13); Glottocode mund1330. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: return home
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: return home
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Southern Valley Yokuts10 of 93 coded1850, Tulare Lake; Southwestern U.S.A.

Also recorded as: Lake Yokuts; Tachi Yokuts; Chunut Yokuts.

Focal year 1850; eHRAF collection Yokuts (NS29); Glottocode vall1251. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Yukaghir10 of 93 coded1850, Upper Kolyma River; Russian Far East

Focal year 1850; eHRAF collection Yukaghir (RV03); Glottocode nort2745. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Yurok58 of 93 coded1850, Tsurai village; Southwestern U.S.A.

Focal year 1850; eHRAF collection Yurok (NS31); Glottocode yuro1248. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	More than a week
Male Crying: Frequency	9
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	2
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	2
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Raters disagree on presence
Presumed Killer Institutional Target	Raters disagree on presence
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Raters disagree on presence
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	13
Fear of Bodies Present	Present
Sex Difference, Crying	5
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	5
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	4
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	Always away from survivors
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	4
Name Taboo Present	Name taboo present and permanent
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	Yes
Cleansing of Widows	Absent
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	185 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	365 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	185 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	5
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	2
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 35 death variables, including: Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; and more.

Blin2 of 93 coded1855, Tribe; Northeast Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Bogo; Belen; Bilin.

Focal year 1855; eHRAF collection Bilen (MN06); Glottocode bili1260. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Andamanese57 of 93 coded1860, Aka-Bea of South Andaman; Indo-China

Also recorded as: Big Andaman Island; Andamese.

Focal year 1860; eHRAF collection Andamans (AZ02); Glottocode akab1249. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	9
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	17
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression	4
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	6
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	10
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	77 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	4
Name Taboo Present	Name taboo present and permanent
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	Yes
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	No
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	75 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	120 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	120 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	120 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 36 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; and more.

Klamath44 of 93 coded1860, Tribe; Northwestern U.S.A.

Focal year 1860; eHRAF collection Klamath (NR10); Glottocode klam1254. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	23
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	2
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Widowers	Present
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Absent
Eventual Distance of Spirits	Always away from survivors
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	10
Name Taboo Present	6
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	Yes
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	42 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	365 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	365 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	16 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 49 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Nama10 of 93 coded1860, Gei/Khauan tribe; Southern Africa

Also recorded as: Khoekhoe; Namaqua; Nama Hottentot.

Focal year 1860; eHRAF collection Khoi (FX13); Glottocode nama1265. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Omaha49 of 93 coded1860, Tribe; North-Central U.S.A.

Also recorded as: Dhegiha.

Focal year 1860; eHRAF collection Omaha (NQ21); Glottocode omah1248. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	More than a week
Male Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Occurs always
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Occurs always
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Occurs always
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Occurs always
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is present
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	8
Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression	Men show much more of the behavior
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	2
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Absent
Eventual Distance of Spirits	13
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	90 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	7
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	523 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	913 days
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	4
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	15.5 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 44 death variables, including: Presumed Killer Institutional Target; Something Institutionalized Target; Something Institutionalized Target, Not a Sacrifice; Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death; Fear of Ghost Present; Degree of Fear of Ghost; and more.

Twana54 of 93 coded1860, Tribe; Northwestern U.S.A.

Focal year 1860; eHRAF collection Southern Coast Salish (NR26); Glottocode twan1247. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	15
Male Crying: Frequency	9
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	2
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	2
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Presumed Killer Institutional Target	Raters disagree on presence
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Raters disagree on presence
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	18
Fear of Bodies Present	Present
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	9
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	3
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	3
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	6
Name Taboo Present	Name taboo present and permanent
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	Yes
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	120 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	29 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	29 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	5
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	Strong belief
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 39 death variables, including: Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; and more.

Vedda30 of 93 coded1860, Danigala Forest hunting group; Indian Subcontinent

Also recorded as: Wanniyalaeto; Veddah.

Focal year 1860; eHRAF collection Vedda (AX05); Glottocode vedd1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	13
Fear of Bodies Present	Present
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	1
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	1
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	Yes
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	8 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	3
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 63 death variables, including: Crying Frequency; Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Female Crying: Frequency; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Yahgan10 of 93 coded1865, Eastern and central; Southern South America

Focal year 1865; eHRAF collection Yahgan (SH06); Glottocode yama1264. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Pawnee43 of 93 coded1867, Skidi band or subtribe; North-Central U.S.A.

Focal year 1867; eHRAF collection Pawnee (NQ18); Glottocode pawn1254. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	7
Male Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	6
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	2
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	6
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is present
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	Men show much more of it than women
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	Men show much more of it than women
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	3
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	3
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	3
Eventual Distance of Spirits	18
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	8
Name Taboo Present	Name taboo present and permanent
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	No
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	822 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	457 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	1 days
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	20.5 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 50 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; and more.

Chiricahua10 of 93 coded1870, Central band; Southwestern U.S.A.

Also recorded as: Chiricahua Apache; Eastern Apache.

Focal year 1870; eHRAF collection Eastern Apache (NT08); Glottocode mesc1238. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Comanche50 of 93 coded1870, Tribe; South-Central U.S.A.

Focal year 1870; eHRAF collection Comanche (NO06); Glottocode coma1245. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	6
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	6
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	6
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	5
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	7
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	5
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	7
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	15
Sex Difference, Crying	3
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	4
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	4
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	2
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	17
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	155 percent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	63 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	8
Name Taboo Present	8
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	Yes
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	45 persons
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	2
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	Strong belief
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	16 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 43 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; and more.

Nicobarese45 of 93 coded1870, Car Nicobar of North Islands; Indo-China

Also recorded as: Holchu.

Focal year 1870; eHRAF collection Nicobarese (AZ07); Glottocode carn1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	5
Female Crying: Frequency	7
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Something Institutionalized Target, Not a Sacrifice	Both raters say it is present
Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	20
Sex Difference, Crying	4
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	1
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	7
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	15
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	8
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Absent
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	69 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	107 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widows	516 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	Yes
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 48 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Tehuelche10 of 93 coded1870, Equestrian; Southern South America

Also recorded as: Patagon.

Focal year 1870; eHRAF collection Tehuelche (SH05); Glottocode tehu1242. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Wadadokado10 of 93 coded1870, Wadadika of Harney Valley; Northwestern U.S.A.

Also recorded as: Paiute; Northern Paiute.

Focal year 1870; eHRAF collection Northern Paiute (NR13); Glottocode nort1551. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Ganda57 of 93 coded1875, Kyaddondo district (V: Kampala); East Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Baganda.

Focal year 1875; eHRAF collection Ganda (FK07); Glottocode gand1255. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	4
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	12
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	6
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Possibly present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	5
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	105 percent
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Name Taboo Present	6
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Possibly present
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Possibly present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	50 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	39 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	23 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	23 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	23 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	5
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	No
Degree of Christian Influence	15
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 36 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; and more.

Haida10 of 93 coded1875, Masset town; Western Canada

Focal year 1875; eHRAF collection Haida (NE09); Glottocode nort2938. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Abkhaz10 of 93 coded1880, Tribe; Caucasus

Focal year 1880; eHRAF collection Abkhazians (RI03); Glottocode abkh1244. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: circumstances
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Ainu48 of 93 coded1880, Saru Basin in Hokkaido; Eastern Asia

Also recorded as: Ainu (Hokkaido); Hokkaido.

Focal year 1880; eHRAF collection Ainu (AB06); Glottocode ainu1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	6
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	1
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	1
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	17
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression	3
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	2
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	6
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Widowers	Present
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	15
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	6
Name Taboo Present	8
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	No
Cleansing of Widows	Absent
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	44 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	456 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	682 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	2
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	15
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	16.5 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 45 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Female Crying: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Fur10 of 93 coded1880, Jebel Marra; Northeast Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Darfur.

Focal year 1880; eHRAF collection Fur (MQ08); Glottocode furr1244. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Gros Ventre54 of 93 coded1880, Tribe; Northwestern U.S.A.

Also recorded as: A'ani; A'aninin; Haaninin.

Focal year 1880; eHRAF collection Gros Ventre (NQ13); Glottocode gros1243. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	12
Male Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	5
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	4
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	4
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	4
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	5
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is present
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Sex Difference, Crying	5
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	5
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	5
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	2
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	4
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Widowers	Present
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Present
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	15
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	160 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	6
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	45 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	2
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	11.5 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 39 death variables, including: Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; Presumed Killer Institutional Target; Something Institutionalized Target; and more.

Nuxalk10 of 93 coded1880, Central group, lower B.C. River; Western Canada

Also recorded as: Nuxalkmc; Bellacoola; Bilqula; Bella Coola.

Focal year 1880; eHRAF collection Nuxalk (NE06); Glottocode bell1243. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Zuni10 of 93 coded1880, Pueblo; South-Central U.S.A.

Focal year 1880; eHRAF collection Zuni (NT23); Glottocode zuni1245. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Aimoré10 of 93 coded1884, Naknenuk subtribe; Brazil

Also recorded as: Nac-nanuk; Nac-poruk; Botocudo.

Focal year 1884; eHRAF collection Botocudo (SN02); Glottocode kren1239. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Deg Xit'an10 of 93 coded1885, Shageluk village; Subarctic America

Also recorded as: Ingalik.

Focal year 1885; eHRAF collection Ingalik (NA08); Glottocode dege1248. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Kazakh10 of 93 coded1885, Great Horde; Middle Asia

Also recorded as: Kazak.

Focal year 1885; eHRAF collection Kazakh (RQ02); Glottocode kaza1248. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: return home
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: return home
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	3 (superficial Islamization)

Lengua10 of 93 coded1889, Those in contact with mission; Southern South America

Focal year 1889; eHRAF collection Enxet and Enlhet (SK15); Glottocode nort2971. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Cayua10 of 93 coded1890, S. Mato Grosso & adj. Paraguay; Brazil

Also recorded as: Abá; Cayua; Caingua; Guaraní; Guarani.

Focal year 1890; eHRAF collection Guaraní (SM04); Glottocode mbya1239. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Eyak37 of 93 coded1890, Tribe; Subarctic America

Also recorded as: dAXunhyuu.

Focal year 1890; eHRAF collection Eyak (NA07); Glottocode eyak1241. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Male Crying: Frequency	5
Female Crying: Frequency	5
Fear of Bodies Present	Present
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	3
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	1
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	8
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	69 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	1
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	Strong belief
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 56 death variables, including: Crying Frequency; Crying Duration; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Fon10 of 93 coded1890, City and environs of Abomey; West Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Dahomey; Dahomeans.

Focal year 1890; eHRAF collection Fon (FA18); Glottocode fonn1241. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Huichol10 of 93 coded1890, Tribe; Mexico

Also recorded as: Wixárika.

Focal year 1890; eHRAF collection Huichol (NU19); Glottocode huic1243. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Kutenai10 of 93 coded1890, Lower or eastern branch; Western Canada

Also recorded as: Ktunaxa; Kootenay; Kootenai.

Focal year 1890; eHRAF collection Kutenai (NF08); Glottocode kute1249. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Makin2 of 93 coded1890, Makin and Butiritari Islands (N); Southwestern Pacific

Also recorded as: Gilbertese.

Focal year 1890; eHRAF collection Kiribati (OR06); Glottocode bana1287. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Mbundu40 of 93 coded1890, Bailundo subtribe; South Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Banano; Mbari; Nano; Ovimbundu.

Focal year 1890; eHRAF collection Ovimbundu (FP13); Glottocode umbu1257. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	14
Female Crying: Frequency	5
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Presumed Killer Institutional Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	3
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	6
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	A very large deal
Isolation of Widows	Present
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Absent
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	2
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Possibly present
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	153 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widows	282 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	2
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	2
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 53 death variables, including: Male Crying: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; and more.

Nivkh10 of 93 coded1890, Sakhalin Island; Russian Far East

Also recorded as: Gilyak.

Focal year 1890; eHRAF collection Nivkh (RX02); Glottocode gily1242. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: return home
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: return home
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Yurak-Samoyeds10 of 93 coded1894, Tribe; Eastern Europe

Also recorded as: Nenets; Yurak.

Focal year 1894; eHRAF collection Nenets (RU41); Glottocode nene1249. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Ashanti10 of 93 coded1895, Kumasi State; West Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Twi.

Focal year 1895; eHRAF collection Akan (FE12); Glottocode asan1239. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Tsonga55 of 93 coded1895, Ronga subtribe; South Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Thonga; Tonga; Vatsonga; Bathonga.

Focal year 1895; eHRAF collection Tsonga (FT06); Glottocode tson1249. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	9
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	Terror
Fear of Bodies Present	Present
Sex Difference, Crying	8
Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression	2
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	6
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Marking of Widows	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	10
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	160 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	7
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	94 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	90 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widows	365 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	No
Degree of Christian Influence	10
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 38 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; and more.

Northern Aranda10 of 93 coded1896, Alice Springs and environs; Australia

Also recorded as: Aranda (Northern); Northern Arenda; Arunta.

Focal year 1896; eHRAF collection Aranda (OI08); Glottocode east2379. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Bemba10 of 93 coded1897, Zambia branch; South Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Awemba.

Focal year 1897; eHRAF collection Bemba (FQ05); Glottocode town1238. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Barabra2 of 93 coded1900, Kenuzi Nubians of Dahmit; Northern Africa

Also recorded as: Kenuzi Nubians.

Focal year 1900; eHRAF collection Nubians (MR08); Glottocode kenu1236. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Chukchi10 of 93 coded1900, Reindeer division; Russian Far East

Also recorded as: lygoravetlyan; Ankalyn; Chavchu; Chukchee.

Focal year 1900; eHRAF collection Chukchee (RY02); Glottocode chuk1273. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Kaska49 of 93 coded1900, Upper Liard River group; Subarctic America

Also recorded as: Nahane.

Focal year 1900; eHRAF collection Kaska (ND12); Glottocode kask1239. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: circumstances
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: timing
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	More than a week
Male Crying: Frequency	6
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	2
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	20
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Sex Difference, Crying	3
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	2
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	3
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	8
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	10
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	140 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	6
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Mourning: Duration, Widows	432 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	40
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	2
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	18 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

No value on the other 44 death variables, including: Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; and more.

Lozi10 of 93 coded1900, Ruling Luyana; South Tropical Africa

Focal year 1900; eHRAF collection Lozi (FQ09); Glottocode lozi1239. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Maasi28 of 93 coded1900, Kisonko or S. Masai of Tanzania; East Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Masai.

Focal year 1900; eHRAF collection Maasai (FL12); Glottocode masa1300. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	1
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	1
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	No
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	6
Name Taboo Present	8
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	Yes
Cleansing of Widows	Absent
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	32 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widows	365 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	15 days
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 65 death variables, including: Crying Frequency; Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Female Crying: Frequency; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Marshallese - Jaluit Atoll46 of 93 coded1900, Jaluit Atoll; Northwestern Pacific

Focal year 1900; eHRAF collection Marshallese (OR11); Glottocode rali1241. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	6
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Raters disagree on presence
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Raters disagree on presence
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased	Raters disagree on presence
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Raters disagree on presence
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	22
Sex Difference, Crying	3
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	3
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	7
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	13
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	10 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Possibly present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	88 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	7
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	60
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	7
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	17.8 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

No value on the other 47 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Somali (Dolbahanta)10 of 93 coded1900, Dolbahanta clan or subtribe; Northeast Tropical Africa

Focal year 1900; eHRAF collection Somali (MO04); Glottocode nort3051. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	3 (superficial Islamization)

Tobelorese2 of 93 coded1900, Tobelo District; Malesia

Also recorded as: Togutil.

Focal year 1900; eHRAF collection Tobelo (OH18); Glottocode tobe1252. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Toda46 of 93 coded1900, Tribe; Indian Subcontinent

Focal year 1900; eHRAF collection Toda (AW60); Glottocode toda1252. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Something Institutionalized Target, Not a Sacrifice	Both raters say it is present
Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	Both raters say it is present
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	2
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	7
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	3
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	73 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	No
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	4
Name Taboo Present	8
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	Yes
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	125 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	125 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	281 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	281 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	1
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	6
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	15.5 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 47 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; and more.

Tuareg Ahaggar10 of 93 coded1900, Ahaggaren tribe; Northern Africa

Also recorded as: Tuareg.

Focal year 1900; eHRAF collection Tuareg (MS25); Glottocode hogg1238. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	3 (superficial Islamization)

Zazzagawa Hausa48 of 93 coded1900, Zazzagawa of Zaria; West Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Hausa; Zazzagawa; Hausa of Zaria; Hausa of Zazzau.

Focal year 1900; eHRAF collection Hausa (MS12); Glottocode haus1257. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Crying Frequency	7
Male Crying: Frequency	6
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	3
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	1
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	10
Fear of Bodies Present	Present
Sex Difference, Crying	5
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	5
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	3
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	4
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	17
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	155 percent
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	No
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Name Taboo Present	8
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	Yes
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	58 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	69 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	13 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	130 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	No
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	No
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	1
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	15.8 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

No value on the other 45 death variables, including: Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale; Disarticulation: Original Scale; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two; Disarticulation: Scale Two; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three; Disarticulation: Scale Three; and more.

Bambara10 of 93 coded1902, Segou to Bamako on Niger River; West Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Bamana.

Focal year 1902; eHRAF collection Bambara (FA08); Glottocode bamb1269. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	3 (superficial Islamization)

Azande61 of 93 coded1905, Yambio Chiefdom; Northeast Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Niam-Niam.

Focal year 1905; eHRAF collection Azande (FO07); Glottocode zand1248. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	7
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	6
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	3
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Sex Difference, Crying	4
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	Women show much more of it than men
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	6
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	7
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	7
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Widowers	Present
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	8
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	7
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	10
Name Taboo Present	8
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	Yes
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	113 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	225 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	456 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	456 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	Yes
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	2
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	No
Degree of Christian Influence	20
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 32 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; and more.

Kafa52 of 93 coded1905, Kingdom; Northeast Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Kafecho; Kaffa.

Focal year 1905; eHRAF collection Kaffa (MP14); Glottocode kafa1242. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	12
Male Crying: Frequency	9
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	9
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	9
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	9
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	9
Fear of Ghost Present	Absent
Degree of Fear of Ghost	None
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	Sexes are approximately equal
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	Sexes are approximately equal
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	1
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	6
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	95 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	2
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Absent
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	58 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	35 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	53 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	No
Degree of Christian Influence	30
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	13.8 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	3 (superficial Islamization)

No value on the other 41 death variables, including: Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale; Disarticulation: Original Scale; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two; Disarticulation: Scale Two; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three; Disarticulation: Scale Three; and more.

Chachi10 of 93 coded1908, Rio Cayapas Basin; Western South America

Also recorded as: Cayapa.

Focal year 1908; eHRAF collection Chachi (SD06); Glottocode chac1249. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Gheg32 of 93 coded1910, Mountain Gheg of No. Albania; Southeastern Europe

Also recorded as: Albanians.

Focal year 1910; eHRAF collection Albanians (EG01); Glottocode gheg1238. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	6
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	6
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	9
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	9
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	3
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	4
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	12
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	175 percent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	62 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	2
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	325 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	28 persons
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	70
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	14.2 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

No value on the other 61 death variables, including: Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale; Disarticulation: Original Scale; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two; Disarticulation: Scale Two; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three; Disarticulation: Scale Three; and more.

Ifugao56 of 93 coded1910, Kiangan group; Malesia

Focal year 1910; eHRAF collection Ifugao (OA19); Glottocode tuwa1243. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	1
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	4
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	4
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	2
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	3
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	3
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	22
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	5
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	5
Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression	2
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	5
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	7
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	6
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Widowers	Present
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Present
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	7
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	Always away from survivors
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	113 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	191 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	191 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	Yes
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	No
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 37 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; and more.

Lolo38 of 93 coded1910, Liang Shan and Taliang Shan; China

Also recorded as: Yi; Nosu.

Focal year 1910; eHRAF collection Yi (AE04); Glottocode sich1238. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Male Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	22
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	5
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	7
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	4
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	Always away from survivors
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	200 percent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	70 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	4
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	125 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	65 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	Yes
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	13.5 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 55 death variables, including: Crying Frequency; Crying Duration; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Masa2 of 93 coded1910, Around Yagoua in Cameroon; Northeast Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Massa.

Focal year 1910; eHRAF collection Masa (FI21); Glottocode masa1322. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Montagnais10 of 93 coded1910, Lake St. John & Mistassahi band; Eastern Canada

Also recorded as: Innu; Naskapi.

Focal year 1910; eHRAF collection Innu (NH06); Glottocode mont1268. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: circumstances
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Shilluk41 of 93 coded1910, Kingdom; Northeast Tropical Africa

Focal year 1910; eHRAF collection Shilluk (FJ23); Glottocode shil1265. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	7
Male Crying: Frequency	5
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	13
Sex Difference, Crying	5
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	1
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	2
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	6
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	175 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	225 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	6
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 52 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Tohono O'odham48 of 93 coded1910, Archie division; Southwestern U.S.A.

Also recorded as: Papago.

Focal year 1910; eHRAF collection O'odham (NU79); Glottocode toho1246. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	12
Male Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	20
Fear of Bodies Present	Present
Sex Difference, Crying	5
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	2
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	3
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	10
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	155 percent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	70 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	7
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	Yes
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	75 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	138 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	365 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	365 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	3
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	45
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	13.3 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 45 death variables, including: Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Toradja10 of 93 coded1910, Bare'e subgroup; Malesia

Focal year 1910; eHRAF collection Eastern Toraja (OG11); Glottocode pamo1252. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Yapese10 of 93 coded1910, Island; Northwestern Pacific

Focal year 1910; eHRAF collection Yapese (OR22); Glottocode yape1248. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Rwala10 of 93 coded1913, Unspecified; Western Asia

Also recorded as: Rwala Bedouin.

Focal year 1913; eHRAF collection Rwala Bedouin (MD04); Glottocode east2690. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Trobriands46 of 93 coded1914, Kiriwina Island; Papuasia

Focal year 1914; eHRAF collection Trobriands (OL06); Glottocode kili1267. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	More than a week
Male Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Sex Difference, Crying	4
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	7
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	A very large deal
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Possibly present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	170 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	125 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	175 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widows	444 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	Yes
Degree of Christian Influence	2
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	Strong belief
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Canela50 of 93 coded1915, Ramcocamecra or Canella; Brazil

Also recorded as: Ramcocamecra; Timbira; Canella.

Focal year 1915; eHRAF collection Canela (SO08); Glottocode cane1242. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	12
Male Crying: Frequency	9
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	5
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	4
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	7
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	5
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Sex Difference, Crying	4
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	Women show much more of it than men
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	6
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Widowers	Present
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	5
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Absent
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	No
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	45 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	30 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	30 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	30 days
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	5
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	13 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 43 death variables, including: Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; and more.

Copper Inuit43 of 93 coded1915, Coronation Gulf; Subarctic America

Also recorded as: Kitlinermiut; Copper Eskimo.

Focal year 1915; eHRAF collection Copper Inuit (ND08); Glottocode copp1244. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is absent
Presumed Killer Institutional Target	Both raters say it is absent
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Something Institutionalized Target, Not a Sacrifice	Both raters say it is absent
Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	Both raters say it is absent
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	25
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Possibly present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	10
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	5
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	Yes
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Possibly present
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	12.5 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 50 death variables, including: Crying Frequency; Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Female Crying: Frequency; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Manchu2 of 93 coded1915, Aigun District; China

Focal year 1915; eHRAF collection Manchu (AG04); Glottocode manc1252. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	5 (Mahayana Buddhism)

Bribri10 of 93 coded1917, Tribe; Central America

Also recorded as: Talamanca.

Focal year 1917; eHRAF collection Talamancans (SA19); Glottocode brib1243. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Havasupai10 of 93 coded1918, Tribe; Southwestern U.S.A.

Also recorded as: Plateau Yuma.

Focal year 1918; eHRAF collection Havasupai (NT14); Glottocode hava1249. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Khalka10 of 93 coded1920, Narobanchin territory; Mongolia

Also recorded as: Xanx; Khalka Mongols.

Focal year 1920; eHRAF collection Mongolia (AH01); Glottocode halh1238. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	7 (Vajrayana Buddhism)

Kikuyu10 of 93 coded1920, Fort Hall or Metume District; East Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Aikikuyu.

Focal year 1920; eHRAF collection Gikuyu (FL10); Glottocode kiku1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Shuar46 of 93 coded1920, Tribe; Western South America

Also recorded as: Jivaro.

Focal year 1920; eHRAF collection Jivaro (SD09); Glottocode shua1257. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: other form
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	4
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	1
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	1
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	3
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is present
Presumed Killer Institutional Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	20
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression	3
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	2
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	6
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Possibly present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	190 percent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	70 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	6
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Possibly present
Mourning: Duration, Widows	269 days
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	7
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	2
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	8.2 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 47 death variables, including: Crying Frequency; Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; and more.

Suku2 of 93 coded1920, Feshi territory lineage center; West-Central Tropical Africa

Focal year 1920; eHRAF collection Suku (FO46); Glottocode suku1259. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Tiv10 of 93 coded1920, Tar of Benue Province; West Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Munshi.

Focal year 1920; eHRAF collection Tiv (FF57); Glottocode tivv1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Miskito56 of 93 coded1921, Vicinity: Cape Gracias a Dios; Central America

Also recorded as: Mískitu; Mosquito.

Focal year 1921; eHRAF collection Miskito (SA15); Glottocode misk1235. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	2
Male Crying: Frequency	Absent
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	6
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	9
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	4
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Both raters say it is present
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	23
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	Women show much more of it than men
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	Women show much more of it than men
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	3
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	6
Marking of Widows	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	17
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	70 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	5
Name Taboo Present	8
Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	Yes
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	175 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	200 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widows	365 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	No
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	1
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	No
Degree of Christian Influence	10
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	12 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

No value on the other 37 death variables, including: Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; and more.

Luguru10 of 93 coded1925, Morogoro District; East Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Waluguru.

Focal year 1925; eHRAF collection Luguru (FN32); Glottocode lugu1238. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Orokaiva62 of 93 coded1925, Aiga subtribe; Papuasia

Focal year 1925; eHRAF collection Orokaiva (OJ23); Glottocode orok1269. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	12
Male Crying: Frequency	9
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	9
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	7
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Very frequent
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	20
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Sex Difference, Crying	3
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	5
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	5
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	7
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Widowers	Present
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	2
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	54 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	6
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	150 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	Yes
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 31 death variables, including: Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale; Disarticulation: Original Scale; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two; Disarticulation: Scale Two; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three; Disarticulation: Scale Three; and more.

Semang24 of 93 coded1925, Jehai Group or subtribe; Malesia

Focal year 1925; eHRAF collection Semang (AN07); Glottocode kens1248. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	12
Male Crying: Frequency	7
Female Crying: Frequency	7
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	22
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	18
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	8
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	Yes
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	15.5 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 69 death variables, including: Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale; Disarticulation: Original Scale; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two; Disarticulation: Scale Two; Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three; Disarticulation: Scale Three; and more.

Tanala10 of 93 coded1925, Menabe subtribe; Western Indian Ocean

Focal year 1925; eHRAF collection Tanala (FY08); Glottocode tana1285. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Riffians10 of 93 coded1926, Entirety: Moroccan; Northern Africa

Focal year 1926; eHRAF collection Berbers of Morocco (MX03); Glottocode tari1263. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Guna10 of 93 coded1927, San Blas Archipelago; Central America

Also recorded as: Dule; Tule; Cuna; Kuna.

Focal year 1927; eHRAF collection Kuna (SB05); Glottocode sanb1242. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Saramaccan10 of 93 coded1928, Upper Suriname River; Northern South America

Also recorded as: Saramaccan of Suriname; Saramacca; Bush Negroes.

Focal year 1928; eHRAF collection Saramaka (SR15); Glottocode sara1340. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Manus35 of 93 coded1929, Peri village; Papuasia

Focal year 1929; eHRAF collection Manus (OM06); Glottocode tita1241. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	25
Sex Difference, Crying	5
Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression	Men show much more of the behavior
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	4
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Isolation of Widows	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Possibly present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	5
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	105 percent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	0 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Absent
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Possibly present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	58 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widows	500 days
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

No value on the other 58 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Female Crying: Frequency; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Tiwi10 of 93 coded1929, Tribe: Melville Island; Australia

Focal year 1929; eHRAF collection Tiwi (OI20); Glottocode tiwi1244. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Annamese10 of 93 coded1930, Red River Delta in Tonkin; Indo-China

Also recorded as: Vietnamese.

Focal year 1930; eHRAF collection Vietnamese (AM11); Glottocode viet1252. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	5 (Mahayana Buddhism)

Atayal10 of 93 coded1930, Tribe (excluding Sedeq); Eastern Asia

Focal year 1930; eHRAF collection Atayal (AD08); Glottocode atay1247. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Hadza10 of 93 coded1930, Tribe; East Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Hadzabe; Hatsa Kindiga; Hadza; Kindiga.

Focal year 1930; eHRAF collection Hadza (FN11); Glottocode hadz1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

K'iche'10 of 93 coded1930, Town of Chichicastenango; Central America

Also recorded as: Quiche.

Focal year 1930; eHRAF collection Quiché Maya (NW10); Glottocode kich1262. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Lesu10 of 93 coded1930, Lesu village; Papuasia

Also recorded as: New Irelanders.

Focal year 1930; eHRAF collection Lesu (OM24); Glottocode nots1237. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Maras10 of 93 coded1930, Tribe; Indian Subcontinent

Also recorded as: Lakher.

Focal year 1930; eHRAF collection Mara (AR20); Glottocode mara1382. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Nkundo10 of 93 coded1930, Ilanga group; West-Central Tropical Africa

Focal year 1930; eHRAF collection Mongo (FO32); Glottocode nkun1238. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Northern Saulteaux10 of 93 coded1930, Berens River band; Western Canada

Also recorded as: N. Saulteaux; North Sauteaux.

Focal year 1930; eHRAF collection Ojibwa (NG06); Glottocode alba1270. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Otoro10 of 93 coded1930, Nuba Hills; Northeast Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Otoro Nuba; Nuba.

Focal year 1930; eHRAF collection Nuba (FJ21); Glottocode otor1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Tikopia33 of 93 coded1930, Ravenga District; Southwestern Pacific

Focal year 1930; eHRAF collection Tikopia (OT11); Glottocode tiko1237. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	7
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	7
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	7
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	Always away from survivors
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	30 percent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	0 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Absent
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	17 persons
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	84 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	30
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	6
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

No value on the other 60 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Female Crying: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Aweikoma56 of 93 coded1932, Duque de Caxias Reservation; Brazil

Also recorded as: Xokleng; Shokleng; Botocudo of Santa Catarina; Bugre; Kaingang of Santa Catarina (though Aweikoma and Kaingang today considered separate groups).

Focal year 1932; eHRAF collection Xokleng (SM03); Glottocode xokl1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	More than a week
Male Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	25
Sex Difference, Crying	5
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	6
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Widowers	Present
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	8
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	150 percent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	60 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	7
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	27 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	32 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	32 days
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	7
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 37 death variables, including: Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; and more.

Barama River Carib41 of 93 coded1932, Barama River; Northern South America

Also recorded as: Barama Carib; Carib.

Focal year 1932; eHRAF collection Barama River Carib (SR09); Glottocode mura1272. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	7
Male Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Presumed Killer Institutional Target	Raters disagree on presence
Fear of Ghost Present	Absent
Degree of Fear of Ghost	None
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	3
Marking of Widows	Absent
Marking of Widowers	Absent
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	Close to survivors
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	8
Name Taboo Present	1
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	32 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	30 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	30 days
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 52 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; and more.

Irish2 of 93 coded1932, County Clare; Northern Europe

Also recorded as: Gaelic.

Focal year 1932; eHRAF collection Rural Irish (ER06); Glottocode iris1253. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	2 (deep Christianization)
World Religions (1807)	2 (deep Christianization)

Burusho10 of 93 coded1934, Hunza State; Indian Subcontinent

Focal year 1934; eHRAF collection Burusho (AV07); Glottocode buru1296. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Nyakyusa10 of 93 coded1934, Age villages of Mwaya and Masoko; East Tropical Africa

Focal year 1934; eHRAF collection Nyakyusa and Ngonde (FN17); Glottocode nyak1261. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Spanish Basques57 of 93 coded1934, Village of Vera de Bidasoa; Southwestern Europe

Also recorded as: Spanish Basques.

Focal year 1934; eHRAF collection Basques (EX08); Glottocode west1508. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Fear of Ghost Present	Absent
Degree of Fear of Ghost	None
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	7
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	6
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	Present for at least thirty days
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Possibly present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	Always away from survivors
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Absent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	0 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Absent
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	No
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	107 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	69 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	548 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	682 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	3
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	Entirely Christian
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	4
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	2 (deep Christianization)
World Religions (1807)	2 (deep Christianization)

No value on the other 36 death variables, including: Crying Frequency; Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Female Crying: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Tallensi10 of 93 coded1934, Tribe; West Tropical Africa

Focal year 1934; eHRAF collection Tallensi (FE11); Glottocode taln1239. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Banen10 of 93 coded1935, Ndiki subtribe; West-Central Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Banyin.

Focal year 1935; eHRAF collection Banen (FH26); Glottocode tune1261. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Haitians54 of 93 coded1935, Town of Mirebalais; Caribbean

Focal year 1935; eHRAF collection Haitians (SV03); Glottocode hait1244. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	9
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	22
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	8
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	5
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	Always away from survivors
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	75 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	50 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	365 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	365 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	495 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	No
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	60
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	High degree of that
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	16 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

No value on the other 39 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; and more.

Igbo59 of 93 coded1935, E. Isu-Ana group of South Ibo; West Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Ibo.

Focal year 1935; eHRAF collection Igbo (FF26); Glottocode nucl1417. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	11
Male Crying: Frequency	5
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	3
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	2
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	2
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	1
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	Women show much more of it than men
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	Women show much more of it than men
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	1
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	15
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	No
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	2
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	28 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	28 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	No
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	Strong belief
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	14.5 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 34 death variables, including: Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Outgroup Member Institutional Target; Presumed Killer Institutional Target; Somebody Institutionalized Target; and more.

Konso10 of 93 coded1935, Town of Buso; Northeast Tropical Africa

Focal year 1935; eHRAF collection Konso (MP17); Glottocode kons1243. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Warao10 of 93 coded1935, Winikina of Orinoco Delta; Northern South America

Also recorded as: Warrau.

Focal year 1935; eHRAF collection Warao (SS18); Glottocode wara1303. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Chinese42 of 93 coded1936, Kaihsienkung village, Chekiang; China

Also recorded as: Chinese.

Focal year 1936; eHRAF collection Han Chinese (AE15); Glottocode wuch1236. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	14
Male Crying: Frequency	Absent
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	8
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	2
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	5
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	7
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	4
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	90 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	420 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	6
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	16.7 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	5 (Mahayana Buddhism)

No value on the other 51 death variables, including: Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; and more.

Kwoma10 of 93 coded1937, Hongwam subtribe; Papuasia

Focal year 1937; eHRAF collection Kwoma (OJ13); Glottocode kwom1262. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Lepcha56 of 93 coded1937, Lingthem and vicinity; China

Also recorded as: Rong.

Focal year 1937; eHRAF collection Lepcha (AK05); Glottocode lepc1244. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	6
Something Institutionalized Target	Raters disagree on presence
Something Institutionalized Target, Not a Sacrifice	Raters disagree on presence
Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	Raters disagree on presence
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	20
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	9
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	6
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	180 percent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	65 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	6
Name Taboo Present	2
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	63 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	51 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	365 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	365 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	365 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	10
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	3
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	17.8 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	7 (Vajrayana Buddhism)

No value on the other 37 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Female Crying: Frequency; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Alorese10 of 93 coded1938, Abui of Atimelang village; Malesia

Also recorded as: Abui.

Focal year 1938; eHRAF collection Alorese (OF05); Glottocode abui1241. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	3 (superficial Islamization)

Madia43 of 93 coded1938, Hill Maria; Indian Subcontinent

Also recorded as: Maria Gond; Gond.

Focal year 1938; eHRAF collection Gond (AW32); Glottocode mari1414. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	Less than a few minutes
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	12
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	1
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	3
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	Always away from survivors
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	73 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	8
Name Taboo Present	2
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Possibly present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	75 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	No
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	2
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	2
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	8 (Hinduism)

No value on the other 50 death variables, including: Male Crying: Frequency; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Trumai10 of 93 coded1938, Village of Vanivani; Brazil

Also recorded as: Ho kod ke.

Focal year 1938; eHRAF collection Trumai (SP23); Glottocode trum1247. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Cubeo66 of 93 coded1939, Village on Caduiari River; Western South America

Also recorded as: Jiwa; Tucano.

Focal year 1939; eHRAF collection Tukano (SQ19); Glottocode cube1242. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	More than a week
Male Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is present
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is present
Presumed Killer Institutional Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Absent
Degree of Fear of Ghost	None
Sex Difference, Crying	4
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	Women show much more of it than men
Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression	2
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	1
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	6
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Absent
Marking of Widowers	Absent
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	8
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	40 percent
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	4
Name Taboo Present	8
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Possibly present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	75 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	75 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widows	318 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 27 death variables, including: Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; Outgroup Member Institutional Target; Self Institutionalized Target; and more.

Mao2 of 93 coded1939, Northern division; Northeast Tropical Africa

Focal year 1939; eHRAF collection Mao (MP19); Glottocode hozo1236. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Siuai10 of 93 coded1939, Northeastern group; Papuasia

Focal year 1939; eHRAF collection Siwai (ON19); Glottocode siwa1245. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Aymara10 of 93 coded1940, Chucuito clan community in Peru; Western South America

Focal year 1940; eHRAF collection Aymara (SF05); Glottocode cent2142. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

DeneTha10 of 93 coded1940, Lynx Point band; Subarctic America

Also recorded as: Slave; Deh Cho (Southern Slavey); Slavey; Dene (distinguish from speakers of the Dene language).

Focal year 1940; eHRAF collection Slavey (ND14); Glottocode sout2959. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Lamet2 of 93 coded1940, Tribe, Northwestern Laos; Indo-China

Focal year 1940; eHRAF collection Rmeet (AM28); Glottocode lame1256. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Nambikwara10 of 93 coded1940, Cocozu Group; Brazil

Also recorded as: Nambicura.

Focal year 1940; eHRAF collection Nambicuara (SP17); Glottocode sout2994. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Santal55 of 93 coded1940, Bankura and Berghum Districts; Indian Subcontinent

Also recorded as: Santhal; Saontal.

Focal year 1940; eHRAF collection Santal (AW42); Glottocode sant1410. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	Absent
Female Crying: Frequency	7
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Something Institutionalized Target	Raters disagree on presence
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	2
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	6
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	4
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	8
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Cleansing of Widows	Absent
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	88 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	125 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	183 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	183 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	183 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	Yes
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	30
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	2
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	16 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	8 (Hinduism)

No value on the other 38 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Sierra Popoluca10 of 93 coded1940, Town and environs of Soteapan; Mexico

Also recorded as: Popoluca; Soteapanec Zoque; Soteapan Zoque; Soteapaneco; Soteapan Soke.

Focal year 1940; eHRAF collection Popoluca (NU30); Glottocode high1276. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Songhai2 of 93 coded1940, Bamba division; West Tropical Africa

Focal year 1940; eHRAF collection Songhai (MS20); Glottocode koyr1242. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Sirionó56 of 93 coded1942, Vicinity of the Rio Blanco; Western South America

Also recorded as: Miá; Siriono.

Focal year 1942; eHRAF collection Sirionó (SF21); Glottocode siri1273. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	7
Male Crying: Frequency	Absent
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	5
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	5
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	5
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	5
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	15
Sex Difference, Crying	3
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	2
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	4
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	6
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	155 percent
Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	97 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	8
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	Yes
Cleansing of Widows	Absent
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	8 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	5 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	92 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	92 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	Yes
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	No
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	10
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Mende33 of 93 coded1945, Vicinity of town of Bo; West Tropical Africa

Focal year 1945; eHRAF collection Mende (FC07); Glottocode mend1266. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	10
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Widowers	Present
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Definitely present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	175 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	175 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	3 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	5 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	2
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	2
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	3 (superficial Islamization)

No value on the other 60 death variables, including: Male Crying: Frequency; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Uttar Pradesh2 of 93 coded1945, Village and environs of Senapur; Indian Subcontinent

Focal year 1945; eHRAF collection Uttar Pradesh (AW19); Glottocode bhoj1244. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	8 (Hinduism)

Koreans50 of 93 coded1947, Kanghwa Island; Eastern Asia

Focal year 1947; eHRAF collection Korea (AA01); Glottocode kore1280. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	9
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is absent
Presumed Killer Institutional Target	Both raters say it is absent
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Something Institutionalized Target, Not a Sacrifice	Both raters say it is absent
Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	Both raters say it is absent
Sex Difference, Crying	4
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	6
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	5
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	3
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	2
Ghosts Present	Yes
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	55 percent
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	65 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widows	730 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	999 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	18.5 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	5 (Mahayana Buddhism)

No value on the other 43 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Palauans10 of 93 coded1947, Ulimang village; Northwestern Pacific

Focal year 1947; eHRAF collection Belau (OR15); Glottocode pala1344. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Trukese44 of 93 coded1947, Romonum Island; Northwestern Pacific

Also recorded as: Chuukese.

Focal year 1947; eHRAF collection Chuuk (OR19); Glottocode chuu1238. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Male Crying: Frequency	5
Female Crying: Frequency	9
Fear of Ghost Present	Absent
Degree of Fear of Ghost	None
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Sex Difference, Crying	4
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	1
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	2
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	6
Name Taboo Present	7
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Absent
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	54 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	38 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	38 days
Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	38 days
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	30
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Wayuu10 of 93 coded1947, Tribe; Western South America

Also recorded as: Goajiro.

Focal year 1947; eHRAF collection Goajiro (SC13); Glottocode wayu1243. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

!Kung10 of 93 coded1950, Nyai Nyae region; Southern Africa

Also recorded as: Kung Bushmen; !Kung (Was Nyae); Was Nyae.

Focal year 1950; eHRAF collection San (FX10); Glottocode juho1239. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Egyptians51 of 93 coded1950, Town and environs of Silwa; Northern Africa

Also recorded as: Fellahin; Fellaheen.

Focal year 1950; eHRAF collection Fellahin (MR13); Glottocode egyp1253. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	More than a week
Male Crying: Frequency	9
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	7
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	7
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	7
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	6
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Raters disagree on presence
Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Raters disagree on presence
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Raters disagree on presence
Self Institutionalized Target	Raters disagree on presence
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Sex Difference, Crying	3
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	Women show much more of it than men
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	Women show much more of it than men
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	8
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	5
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	4
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	No
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	88 persons
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	6
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	40
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	High degree of that
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	13.3 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

No value on the other 42 death variables, including: Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; Outgroup Member Institutional Target; Presumed Killer Institutional Target; Somebody Institutionalized Target; Something Institutionalized Target; and more.

Iban10 of 93 coded1950, Ulu Ai group; Malesia

Also recorded as: Dayak; Sea Dayak.

Focal year 1950; eHRAF collection Iban (OC06); Glottocode iban1264. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Japanese65 of 93 coded1950, Southern Okayama; Eastern Asia

Focal year 1950; eHRAF collection Okayama (AB43); Glottocode nucl1643. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Male Crying: Frequency	3
Female Crying: Frequency	3
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is absent
Presumed Killer Institutional Target	Both raters say it is absent
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Something Institutionalized Target, Not a Sacrifice	Both raters say it is absent
Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	Both raters say it is absent
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	5
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	A very large amount
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	6
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	8
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Possibly present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	8
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	2
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	150 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	13 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	No
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	5 (Mahayana Buddhism)

No value on the other 28 death variables, including: Crying Frequency; Crying Duration; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Fear of Ghost Present; Degree of Fear of Ghost; and more.

Mapuche10 of 93 coded1950, Vicinity of Temuco; Southern South America

Focal year 1950; eHRAF collection Mapuche (SG04); Glottocode mapu1245. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Mbuti45 of 93 coded1950, Epulu net-hunters, Ituri forest; West-Central Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Sua; BaSua; Kango; BaKango; Bambuti; BaMbuti Pygmies.

Focal year 1950; eHRAF collection Mbuti (FO04); Glottocode bila1255. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	2
Male Crying: Frequency	5
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	4
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	3
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	2
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	2
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	1
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	1
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is present
Fear of Ghost Present	Absent
Degree of Fear of Ghost	None
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Sex Difference, Crying	4
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	4
Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	4
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	5
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	3
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	13
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	7
Name Taboo Present	8
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	Yes
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	69 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 48 death variables, including: Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased; and more.

Punjabi2 of 93 coded1950, Mohla village; Indian Subcontinent

Also recorded as: Punjabi (West).

Focal year 1950; eHRAF collection West Punjabi (AT03); Glottocode west2386. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Sami23 of 93 coded1950, Konkama District; Northern Europe

Also recorded as: Lapps.

Focal year 1950; eHRAF collection Saami (EP04); Glottocode nort2671. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: return home
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Fear of Bodies Present	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	Always away from survivors
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	165 percent
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	4
Name Taboo Present	No taboo
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	Yes
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	18 persons
Degree of Christian Influence	70
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	6
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	25.3 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	2 (deep Christianization)
World Religions (1807)	2 (deep Christianization)

No value on the other 70 death variables, including: Crying Frequency; Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Female Crying: Frequency; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Teda10 of 93 coded1950, Nomads of Tibesti; Northeast Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Toubou.

Focal year 1950; eHRAF collection Teda (MS22); Glottocode teda1241. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Turks10 of 93 coded1950, Northern Anatolian Plateau; Western Asia

Focal year 1950; eHRAF collection Turks (MB01); Glottocode nucl1301. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Wolof10 of 93 coded1950, Upper and lower Salum in Gambia; West Tropical Africa

Focal year 1950; eHRAF collection Wolof (MS30); Glottocode nucl1347. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Kurd10 of 93 coded1951, Town and environs of Rowanduz; Western Asia

Focal year 1951; eHRAF collection Kurds (MA11); Glottocode cent1972. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Wodaabe Fulani2 of 93 coded1951, Wodaabe of Niger; West Tropical Africa

Also recorded as: Pastoral Fulani; Wodaabe.

Focal year 1951; eHRAF collection Fulani (MS11); Glottocode boro1274. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Amhara10 of 93 coded1953, Gondar district; Northeast Tropical Africa

Focal year 1953; eHRAF collection Amhara (MP05); Glottocode amha1245. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: status determines
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: minority
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	2 (deep Christianization)
World Religions (1807)	2 (deep Christianization)

Bunlap10 of 93 coded1953, Bunlap village; Southwestern Pacific

Also recorded as: Pentecost.

Focal year 1953; eHRAF collection Sa (OO17); Glottocode saaa1241. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	4 (superficial Christianization)

Javanese74 of 93 coded1954, Town and environs of Pare; Malesia

Focal year 1954; eHRAF collection Javanese (OE05); Glottocode java1254. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	2
Crying Duration	2
Male Crying: Frequency	1
Female Crying: Frequency	2
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is absent
Presumed Killer Institutional Target	Both raters say it is absent
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Something Institutionalized Target, Not a Sacrifice	Both raters say it is absent
Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	Both raters say it is absent
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Degree of Fear of Ghost	12
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	5
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	6
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	7
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Absent
Marking of Widowers	Absent
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	13
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	110 percent
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	No
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	None
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	88 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	28 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	Yes
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	No
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	No
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	3
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	6
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	16.2 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

No value on the other 19 death variables, including: Fear of Bodies Present; Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation; Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation; Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression; Isolation of Widows; Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known; and more.

Garo39 of 93 coded1955, Rengsanggri village; Indian Subcontinent

Also recorded as: A.Chik.

Focal year 1955; eHRAF collection Garo (AR05); Glottocode garo1247. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	7
Female Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Something Institutionalized Target	Raters disagree on presence
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	Specialists do nothing
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	4
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	7
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	17
Sororate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	126 percent
Levirate Present Vs. Absent	Present
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	No
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	4
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Possibly present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	113 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	Strong belief
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	20.3 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 54 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Mee34 of 93 coded1955, Botukebo village; Papuasia

Also recorded as: Kapauku.

Focal year 1955; eHRAF collection Kapauku (OJ29); Glottocode ekar1243. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: status determines
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	14
Male Crying: Frequency	Very frequent
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	3
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	1
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	2
Fear of Ghost Present	Present
Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	8
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	3
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	6
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Percentage of Widow Remarrying	160 percent
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	2
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Cleansing of Widows	Absent
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	32 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widows	10 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	High degree of that
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	13 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

No value on the other 59 death variables, including: Female Crying: Frequency; Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; and more.

Russians2 of 93 coded1955, Viriatino village; Eastern Europe

Focal year 1955; eHRAF collection Russians (RF10); Glottocode russ1263. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	2 (deep Christianization)
World Religions (1807)	2 (deep Christianization)

Thai32 of 93 coded1955, Bang Chan village; Indo-China

Also recorded as: Siamese; Central Thai.

Focal year 1955; eHRAF collection Central Thai (AO07); Glottocode thai1261. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Fear of Bodies Present	Absent
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	5
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	6
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	7
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	2
Ghosts Present	Yes
Eventual Distance of Spirits	13
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	2
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	75 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	3
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	17.2 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	6 (Hinayana Buddhism)

No value on the other 61 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Male Crying: Frequency; Female Crying: Frequency; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; and more.

Balinese42 of 93 coded1958, Tihingan village; Malesia

Focal year 1958; eHRAF collection Balinese (OF07); Glottocode bali1278. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is absent
Male Crying: Frequency	Absent
Female Crying: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	7
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	7
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	6
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	63 persons
Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	200 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Present
Series of Final Ceremonies	No
Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	No
Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	Yes
Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	Yes
Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	Yes
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	Strong belief
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	16 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	8 (Hinduism)

No value on the other 51 death variables, including: Crying Duration; Attempted Self-injury: Frequency; Actual Self-injury: Frequency; Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone; Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow; Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased; and more.

Basseri10 of 93 coded1958, Nomadic branch; Western Asia

Focal year 1958; eHRAF collection Basseri (MA10); Glottocode bass1257. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Negri Sembilan10 of 93 coded1958, Inas District; Malesia

Also recorded as: Negeri Sembilan.

Focal year 1958; eHRAF collection Malays (AN05); Glottocode nege1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	1 (deep Islamization)
World Religions (1807)	1 (deep Islamization)

Shavante46 of 93 coded1958, Village of Sao Domingo; Brazil

Focal year 1958; eHRAF collection Xavante (SP26); Glottocode xava1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Crying Frequency	Crying is frequent
Crying Duration	12
Male Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Female Crying: Frequency	Always occurs
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	1
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	1
Fear of Ghost Present	Absent
Degree of Fear of Ghost	None
Sex Difference, Crying	Sexes are approximately equal
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	5
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	5
Isolation of Widows	Present
Isolation of Widowers	Present
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Present
Marking of Widows	Present
Marking of Widowers	Present
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Present
Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	8
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Eventual Distance of Spirits	12
Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	Yes
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	8
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Absent
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	39 persons
Mourning: Duration, Widowers	2 days
Mourning: Duration, Widows	2 days
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	7
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	None
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	9 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Amahuaca10 of 93 coded1960, Upper Inuya River; Western South America

Focal year 1960; eHRAF collection Amahuaca (SE06); Glottocode amah1246. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Kimam10 of 93 coded1960, Bamol village; Papuasia

Also recorded as: Frederik-Hendrik Islanders.

Focal year 1960; eHRAF collection Kimam (OJ82); Glottocode kima1246. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	present: nearly all
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Rade10 of 93 coded1962, Ko-Sier village; Indo-China

Also recorded as: Rhade.

Focal year 1962; eHRAF collection Rhade (AM35); Glottocode rade1240. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	scavenger activity
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	present: minority
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Present
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Badjau Tawi-Tawi10 of 93 coded1963, Tawi-Tawi and adjacent islands; Malesia

Also recorded as: Tawi-Tawi Badjaw; Badjau.

Focal year 1963; eHRAF collection Sama-Bajau (OA08); Glottocode sout2918. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	Absent
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Absent
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	absent/minority
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Burmese52 of 93 coded1965, Nondwin village; Indo-China

Also recorded as: Bamar people.

Focal year 1965; eHRAF collection Burmans (AP04); Glottocode nucl1310. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Crying Frequency	7
Crying Duration	8
Male Crying: Frequency	Absent
Female Crying: Frequency	6
Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	Absent
Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased	Both raters say it is absent
Outgroup Member Institutional Target	Both raters say it is absent
Presumed Killer Institutional Target	Both raters say it is absent
Self Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Somebody Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Something Institutionalized Target	Both raters say it is absent
Something Institutionalized Target, Not a Sacrifice	Both raters say it is absent
Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	Both raters say it is absent
Sex Difference, Crying	Women show much more of it than men
Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	6
Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	7
Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	3
Isolation of Widows	Absent
Isolation of Widowers	Absent
Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	Absent
Marking of Widows	Absent
Marking of Widowers	Absent
Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	Absent
Ghosts Present	Yes
Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	Present
Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	2
Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	No
Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	No
Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	Present
Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	138 persons
Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	Absent
Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Present
Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	Absent
Degree of Christian Influence	None
Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	Strong belief
Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35)	17.3 years
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	5 (Mahayana Buddhism)

Yanomami10 of 93 coded1965, Shamatari tribe; Northern South America

Also recorded as: Yanomamo; Yanoama.

Focal year 1965; eHRAF collection Yanoama (SQ18); Glottocode yano1261. Society page at D-PLACE, with the sources the coders used.

Question, as coded	Value
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	present: almost all
Disarticulation: Original Scale	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	present: nearly all
Disarticulation: Scale Two	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	Present
Disarticulation: Scale Three	Absent
Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	present all
Disarticulation: Scale Four	absent/minority
Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	0 (absent)
World Religions (1807)	0 (indigenous religion)

Where the societies are

The map is drawing.

The sample is spread by design, one society per cultural province, which is why sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas and island Southeast Asia are full of marks and Europe has seven. The Pulotu cultures cluster where Austronesian languages are spoken, from Madagascar to Rapa Nui. Hover a mark for the society, or select it to open its record.

The 186 societies by D-PLACE region (43 regions)

Region	Societies
Northeast Tropical Africa	12
West Tropical Africa	11
Malesia	10
Brazil	9
Indian Subcontinent	9
Indo-China	8
Papuasia	8
Western South America	8
East Tropical Africa	6
Southwestern Pacific	6
Southwestern U.S.A.	6
Subarctic America	6
Western Asia	6
Southern South America	5
Central America	4
China	4
Eastern Asia	4
Northern Africa	4
Northern South America	4
Northwestern Pacific	4
Northwestern U.S.A.	4
South Tropical Africa	4
West-Central Tropical Africa	4
Western Canada	4
Eastern Canada	3
Mexico	3
North-Central U.S.A.	3
Russian Far East	3
Australia	2
Caribbean	2
Caucasus	2
Eastern Europe	2
Northern Europe	2
South-Central U.S.A.	2
Southeastern Europe	2
Southeastern U.S.A.	2
Southern Africa	2
Middle Asia	1
Mongolia	1
New Zealand	1
South-Central Pacific	1
Southwestern Europe	1
Western Indian Ocean	1

Cases, read at their dates

A code is a sentence about a book. The cases below are the books, or as close as the corpus behind this page has got to them: five are document abstracts from the Human Relations Area Files, nine are eHRAF culture summaries, six are monographs and one is an open-access journal article, all seven checked against their publisher pages. Each is written with its date and its limit beside it, because that is how it should be cited.

Diné (Navajo), 1860–1970: what a hospital job does to a funeral

Article published 1978; covers roughly 1860 to 1970. Navajo Nation, southwestern United States. Evidence: document abstract.

Mary Shepardson's 1978 article compares older Navajo mortuary belief and practice with modified burials and Christian funerals. The abstract ties the change to a move away from the matrilocal extended-family setting and toward churches, schools, the army and hospitals. It names two mechanisms that have nothing to do with belief: an urban house cannot be abandoned or destroyed after a death the way a rural hogan could be, and a soldier or a hospital worker cannot keep the older avoidance of the dead.

Shepardson, M. (1978). Changes in Navajo mortuary practices and beliefs. Document 308 in the eHRAF Navajo (NT13) collection, pp. 383–395. Source page.

The abstract, not the article's pages, is what the corpus has checked.

Akan, Ghana, 1952–1955: the dirge as evidence

Fieldwork 1952–1954; book first published 1955, reissued 1969. Ghana. Evidence: document abstract.

J. H. Kwabena Nketia collected funeral dirges in the field. The document abstract describes women's wailing on news of a death as the start of public mourning, dirges recurring throughout the funeral, and singers voicing both their relationship to the dead person and the practical hardship the loss creates, often through metaphor. The dirge is a record of a relationship and of a loss of labour, not decoration. The sample's record: Ashanti, 1895.

Nketia, J. H. K. (1969 [1955]). Funeral dirges of the Akan people. Document 053 in the eHRAF Akan (FE12) collection. Source page.

The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample's Ashanti record (Kumasi State, 1895) is coded on ten death variables, none of them about lament.

Ifugao, northern Luzon, 1905–1911: a funeral for a violent death, then a colonial government

Observed 1905–1911; published 1911. Central Ifugao and Kiangan, Philippines. Evidence: document abstract.

Beyer and Barton describe a specific series of munhimung burial ceremonies for people beheaded or killed by hereditary enemies in feuds. The abstract also records that the American colonial government suppressed the feuding after about 1910, which makes state power part of the history of this funeral. The sample's own Ifugao record (Kiangan group, 1910) codes secondary handling of the bones as present in nearly all cases, a final ceremony as present, and mourning for widows and widowers alike at 191 days. The sample's record: Ifugao, 1910.

Beyer, H. O. & Barton, R. F. (1911). An Ifugao burial ceremony. Document 022 in the eHRAF Ifugao (OA19) collection, pp. 227–252. Source page.

A special funeral for one kind of death; it says nothing about ordinary Ifugao deaths.

Jicarilla Apache, New Mexico, 1934–1935: ghosts, birds and animals

Fieldwork 1934–1935; published 1960. Jicarilla Apache Reservation, New Mexico. Evidence: document abstract.

Morris Opler's study covers funeral rites, the afterlife and the readjustment of the living. The abstract reports associations between particular birds and animals and the ghosts of people from different tribes. The eHRAF culture summary for the Jicarilla adds a burial party that returns by a different route, does not look back, discards its clothes and washes, and explains all of it as protection from the dead person's ghost.

Opler, M. E. (1960). Myth and practice in Jicarilla Apache eschatology. Document 052 in the eHRAF Jicarilla (NT26) collection, pp. 133–153. Source page.

A reservation in the mid-1930s. Not a statement about Jicarilla practice today.

Kaduwaga, Trobriand Islands, 1971: the departure of the 'mind'

Fieldwork 1971; essay published 1989. Kaduwaga village, Kaileuna Island, Papua New Guinea. Evidence: document abstract.

Susan Montague's study of one village treats a funeral as three problems at once: the departure of what she deliberately translates as the dead person's 'mind', the physical conduct of the funeral, and the concerns of the village. The sample's Trobriand record is Kiriwina Island in 1914, the Malinowski era, coded with strong belief in reincarnation. The sample's record: Trobriands, 1914.

Montague, S. P. (1989). To eat for the dead: Kaduwagan mortuary events. Document 034 in the eHRAF Trobriands (OL06) collection. Source page.

One village, one year. 'Mind' is the author's rendering; it is not the same word as 'soul'.

Eastern Toraja, Sulawesi: two funerals, and Islam in the Palu valley

Sources gathered 1892–1932 (Adriani and Kruijt); the sample's record is dated 1910. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Evidence: eHRAF culture summary.

The eHRAF summary describes most groups as holding two funerals: one soon after death, and a communal ceremony one or two years later after which the bones are cleaned, wrapped, brought back to the village and finally placed in small coffins, buried or deposited in caves. Death itself is the permanent separation of tanoana, a life force the summary renders as 'soul' only for convenience. The same summary notes that some Palu River valley groups had adopted Islamic burial, so the change is inside the record, not after it. The sample's record: Toradja, 1910.

eHRAF Eastern Toraja (OG11) culture summary; underlying source Adriani, N. & Kruijt, A. C. (1951). The Bare'e-speaking Toradja of central Celebes, vol. 2. Source page.

Missionary and linguist authors; summary-level; the sample's Toradja record (Bare'e subgroup, 1910) codes secondary handling of the bones as absent, which is worth putting next to the summary rather than resolving.

Javanese, Pare, 1954: a burial within hours and a rite at a thousand days

The sample's record is the town and environs of Pare, 1954. Java, Indonesia. Evidence: eHRAF culture summary.

The eHRAF summary describes funerals within hours of death, with a coffin made and a grave dug at once, a home ceremony, a procession and burial. Children then hold a series of slametan meals for a dead parent, the last at 1,000 days. The summary also reports, side by side, Islamic ideas of eternal reward and punishment, belief in influential spirits, and reincarnation beliefs that orthodox Muslims criticise. The sample codes Pare in 1954 as deeply Islamised and at level 3 of 4 for belief in reincarnation. Both are true of the same town. The sample's record: Javanese, 1954.

eHRAF Javanese (OE05) culture summary. Source page.

Java has well over a hundred million people; this is one summary and one town.

Saramaka, Suriname: a year to become an ancestor

Twentieth-century sources; the sample's record is the Upper Suriname River, 1928. Suriname. Evidence: eHRAF culture summary.

The eHRAF summary describes death rites that run for about a year and end with the dead person's transition to ancestor status. Initial rites last from a week to three months depending on the importance of the deceased; the complex includes coffin divination, feasting, all-night drumming, song, dance and folktales; a later second funeral ends mourning and expels the ghost from the village. Ancestorhood here is achieved by the living, not conferred by dying. The sample's record: Saramaccan, 1928.

eHRAF Saramaka (SR15) culture summary. Source page.

Summary-level; village and status variation is flattened.

Nupe, Nigeria: the funeral depends on who died

Twentieth-century synthesis. Nigeria. Evidence: eHRAF culture summary.

The eHRAF summary describes the number and scale of rites as varying with age, sex and status. The death of an old person who has 'seen the world' can be festive; rites recur at eight, forty and 120 days in some cases; older men and family heads may be buried beneath the floors of sleeping rooms. It also reports that Islam reduced some extravagant burial without ending elaborate funerals for the old.

eHRAF Nupe (FF52) culture summary. Source page.

Not in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample; the underlying Nadel ethnography is not what the corpus checked.

Aztec, Tenochtitlan, 1520: where you go depends on how you died

Pre-Columbian practice reconstructed from early colonial sources; the sample's record is dated 1520. Central Mexico. Evidence: eHRAF culture summary.

The eHRAF summary describes both burial and cremation, cremation being more common, the corpse washed, dressed and bundled, and possessions buried with the remains. The afterlife destination depended on the manner of death rather than on conduct in life; most of the dead travelled four years to Mictlan, and grave goods helped them on the way. The sample's record: Aztec, 1520.

eHRAF Aztec (NU07) culture summary. Source page.

A reconstruction from colonial-era texts, not an observation.

Han Chinese: bones in a jar in the south, one burial in the north, cremation under the People's Republic

Late imperial to People's Republic; the sample's record is Kaihsienkung village, Zhejiang, 1936. China. Evidence: eHRAF culture summary.

The eHRAF summary describes, for southern China, a first burial in a wooden coffin and a later exhumation with the bones collected into a ceramic jar, placed where families could afford it in a tomb sited by feng shui; northern China is contrasted with a single burial. It states that before the People's Republic the dead were buried, and that the state then instituted cremation, with ashes going to cemeteries or columbaria. Qingming remains the season for tending graves. The sample's record: Chinese, 1936.

eHRAF Han Chinese (AE15) culture summary. Source page.

The summary's word 'universal' for cremation is not checked against law or dates; north and south are broad.

Tsonga, southern Africa, 1895: a year for the widow, an ox for the man

The sample's record is the Ronga subtribe, 1895. Southern Africa. Evidence: eHRAF culture summary.

The eHRAF summary describes staged purification of the family and an official one-year mourning for spouses, without sexual intercourse. Men are described as usually buried in the cattle kraal, with an ox slaughtered to carry the man's soul to the ancestral spirits. The sample codes the Ronga in 1895 with mourning for widows at 365 days, no name taboo, a final ceremony present, and secondary handling of the bones absent. The sample's record: Tsonga, 1895.

eHRAF Tsonga (FT06) culture summary. Source page.

A formal rule is not a compliance rate.

Yahgan, Tierra del Fuego, 1865: cremation, then burial after contact

The collection's main focus runs from the early nineteenth century to about 1925; the sample's record is dated 1865. Tierra del Fuego. Evidence: eHRAF culture summary.

The eHRAF summary says corpses were formerly burned and that burial in the ground or in shell middens became more common after European contact; possessions were burned or buried; mourning included fasting, body painting and formal lament. The summary itself states that the record was made by missionaries, explorers and early ethnographers during a catastrophic collapse of the population. The sample's record: Yahgan, 1865.

eHRAF Yahgan (SH06) culture summary. Source page.

Contact-period change recorded by the people who brought the contact.

Aranda, Central Australia, 1896: a Christian burial and four accounts of the spirit

Historical sources with later Christian influence; the sample's record is Alice Springs and environs, 1896. Central Australia. Evidence: eHRAF culture summary.

The eHRAF summary says burial still occurs, usually with a Christian ceremony, alongside accounts in which spirit components wander, ascend, are annihilated, return to the land or are reincarnated. The accounts do not add up to one doctrine, and the summary does not pretend they do. The sample's record: Northern Aranda, 1896.

eHRAF Aranda (OI08) culture summary. Source page.

Indigenous Australian material; names of the dead and images are restricted in many communities, and this page shows neither.

North America and Japan, 1990s: when 'dead' is decided by a committee

Fieldwork in the 1990s; published 2001. North America and Japan. Evidence: monograph.

Margaret Lock's Twice Dead follows brain death from a clinical criterion into a routine that permits organ procurement in North America, while in Japan the same criterion stayed contested and restricted for decades. The moment of death moved because institutions, law and public argument moved it. Anthropology's oldest question about death, when a person stops being one, turns out to have an institutional answer as well as a ritual one.

Lock, M. (2001). Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and the Reinvention of Death. University of California Press. Source page.

Japanese law and practice have changed since the fieldwork.

Japan, 2010s: lonely death and the ending industry

Fieldwork in the 2010s; published 2023. Japan. Evidence: monograph.

Anne Allison's Being Dead Otherwise documents an industry that grew up around people who die alone: cleaners for the rooms, automated and collective graves, one-stop mortuary complexes, and a robot that performs the priest's part. Household size and age structure, not belief, produced the demand. The same author opens the 2026 Cambridge Handbook with the work of cleaning up lonely death.

Allison, A. (2023). Being Dead Otherwise. Duke University Press. Source page.

Japan-specific; not a template for the future of death elsewhere.

Thailand, 2010s: choreographing a good death between hospital and home

Fieldwork in the 2010s; published 2020. Thailand. Evidence: monograph.

Scott Stonington's The Spirit Ambulance follows families trying to give an elder a good death across hospital medicine, the home, Buddhist ideas about the mind at the moment of death, and a rights discourse about choice. The ambulance in the title carries the dying home in time. A good death is something people arrange under constraints, not a fixed ideal.

Stonington, S. (2020). The Spirit Ambulance: Choreographing the End of Life in Thailand. University of California Press. Source page.

An argument from cases, not a prevalence estimate.

Srebrenica, after 1995: identification as social repair

Fieldwork in the 2000s; published 2008. Bosnia and Herzegovina. Evidence: monograph.

Sarah Wagner's To Know Where He Lies shows DNA identification of the Srebrenica missing as a scientific procedure and, at the same time, a social one through which families, institutions and a postwar society negotiate absence, identity and memory. A missing body is a durable social state; a name returned to a bone changes that state without closing it.

Wagner, S. E. (2008). To Know Where He Lies: DNA Technology and the Search for Srebrenica's Missing. University of California Press. Source page.

Identification technology and institutions have changed since.

Sonoran Desert, 2010s: a landscape that does the killing and the hiding

Fieldwork 2009–2013; published 2015. United States–Mexico border. Evidence: monograph.

Jason De León's The Land of Open Graves combines ethnography, archaeology and forensic experiment to show migrant death as something produced by policy and terrain together: enforcement pushes crossings into the desert, and the desert's heat and scavengers remove the bodies. Decomposition becomes part of the policy's result.

De León, J. (2015). The Land of Open Graves: Living and Dying on the Migrant Trail. University of California Press. Source page.

Politically contested; this page keeps the documented mechanism and leaves the judgement to the reader.

Online, 2010s: keeping the dead present on a screen

Published 2019. Digitally mediated mourners, several countries. Evidence: journal article (open access).

Molly Hales documents people using digital media to keep, and deepen, intimate relations with someone who has died: messages sent to a dead person's account, photographs and recordings revisited, presence produced by the medium. The dead persist in technical systems that have no long-run ethnographic baseline, which is why this domain needs a date on every claim.

Hales, M. (2019). Animating relations: Digitally mediated intimacies between the living and the dead. Cultural Anthropology 34(2). Source page.

Written before generative chatbots trained on the dead; the practices have moved on.

Banaras, 1970s–1980s: a city that runs on death

Fieldwork 1976–1983; published 1994. Varanasi, India. Evidence: monograph.

Jonathan Parry's Death in Banaras describes the cremation ghats as an economy: the specialists who handle the pyre, the priests who take gifts on behalf of the dead, the pilgrims who come to die in the city, and the idea of a good death that all of it serves. Death here is labour, exchange and rank as much as rite.

Parry, J. P. (1994). Death in Banaras. Cambridge University Press. Source page.

A Hindu ritual city of a particular period; caste and class variation matter throughout.

A row of carved wooden effigies in cloth garments stands on a balcony cut into a limestone cliff at Lemo, Tana Toraja — Tau-tau effigies on the cliff graves at Lemo, Tana Toraja, Sulawesi, 2011. The effigies stand for the dead placed in the rock behind them; the sample's Toradja record is the Bare'e group of 1910, further north. Photograph: Arian Zwegers, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0.

A 1905 photograph of the temples and steps of Manikarnika Ghat on the Ganges at Banaras — Manikarnika Ghat, Banaras, in 1905, from E. B. Havell's Benares, the Sacred City. The cremation ghat of Parry's Death in Banaras, seventy years before his fieldwork. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

A Day of the Dead altar in a green-walled room in Oaxaca, with marigolds, photographs, candles and an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe — A Day of the Dead altar in El Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico, 2018. The photographs and the food are for named dead who are expected to visit. Photograph: Jmillan325, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The arguments anthropologists bring to all of this

Twelve lenses, each with the claim it makes and the place it stops working. They are arguments, not findings, and the figures above are the evidence they have to survive.

The double funeral

Robert Hertz, 1907

The corpse, the soul and the mourners pass through the same interval together: while the flesh decays the soul is homeless and the survivors are set apart, and a final rite settles all three at once.

Where it breaks: Not every sequence has an interval or a final rite; 101 of 162 coded societies handle the body once. Hertz built the theory on Indonesian cases and it fits them best.

Rites of passage

Arnold van Gennep, 1909

Death rites separate the dead and the bereaved from ordinary life, hold them in a liminal state, and settle the living, and the dead, in new roles: widow, heir, ancestor.

Where it breaks: The three phases are an analyst's template. Forcing every funeral into it hides the sequences that never close, and the 'unfinished funerals' of war, migration and pandemic.

Death regenerates life

Maurice Bloch and Jonathan Parry, 1982

Funerary symbolism turns biological death into images of fertility and continuity, and in doing so reproduces the social order and its hierarchies.

Where it breaks: A powerful reading, not a law. Its claims about gender and biology have been reread critically, and it explains ritual better than it explains grief.

Emotion and form

Peter Metcalf and Richard Huntington, 1991

Funeral ritual is reducible neither to spontaneous grief nor to symbolic structure; how prescribed weeping relates to felt sorrow is an empirical question in each case.

Where it breaks: The 'authentic emotion versus ritual' contrast is itself a Western habit. Rosenblatt's codes measure display, not feeling.

The social persona

Lewis Binford, 1971

Differences in mortuary treatment encode the dimensions of social identity a society recognises, so a cemetery can be read as a social structure.

Where it breaks: Burials do not mirror society transparently. What is in the grave is what was not burned, given away or hidden, and later archaeology treats the inference as a hypothesis to test.

Death as an institutional decision

Margaret Lock, 2001

When a person is dead can be settled by committees, statutes and transplant programmes; brain death was routinised in North America and contested in Japan on the same medical evidence.

Where it breaks: The comparison is specific to organ transplantation in the 1990s; laws have moved since.

Ancestorhood is achieved

Comparative ethnography, from Fortes to Pulotu

Not every dead person becomes an ancestor. Rites, age, descendants, moral standing or wealth decide who is transformed and who is merely dead.

Where it breaks: 'Ancestor worship' as a label flattens this. Pulotu's separation of family spirits from deified ancestors is one way to keep the distinction.

Continuing bonds

Bereavement research since the 1990s; Hallam and Hockey, 2001

Relationships with the dead continue through objects, places, dreams and, now, screens, rather than resolving through detachment.

Where it breaks: Mostly Western evidence, and a therapeutic model can be mistaken for an ethnographic one. Keeping a photograph is not a belief about survival.

Deathwork

The Cambridge Handbook for the Anthropology of Death, 2026

Death is produced and managed by labour that is usually hidden: kin care, body preparation, cleaning, bureaucracy, forensics, funeral services.

Where it breaks: It is easy to reduce ritual relations to a service economy. The workers are part of the picture, not the whole of it.

Necropolitics

Achille Mbembe, 2003 and 2019

Power operates by deciding who may be exposed to death, abandonment and deathworlds: borders, wars, prisons, neglected wards.

Where it breaks: Used broadly it explains nothing. It earns its place only when the mechanism, a policy, a desert, a triage rule, is named, as De León names it.

Absence as a social fact

Sarah Wagner, 2008, and the anthropology of the missing

A missing body creates a durable state for the living: kinship, politics and time all wait on identification, and identification transforms more than a record.

Where it breaks: Naming a bone can close one question and open others, and the technology is not neutral about whose dead get found.

Traits are dated

D-PLACE and Pulotu, 2016 onward

A coded trait belongs to a society at a focal time as described by particular sources; it is not the essence of a people.

Where it breaks: Even a focal year summarises a range of observations, and related societies are not independent cases. Comparison needs the tree or the map, not just the count.

What nobody has coded

The largest finding on this page is negative, and it should be listed rather than left to the grey rows.

Most of the sample, on most questions. 119 of the 186 societies have values only on the bone questions and the two religion variables. Rosenblatt's grief codes stop at 67 societies and thirty of the 93 variables have values for 20 societies or fewer.
The present. 19 societies are dated after 1950 and none after 1965. Nothing here describes hospitals, funeral homes, crematoria, insurance, apartment living or a memorial page, which is where most people now die and are mourned.
The dying. The codes describe survivors: crying, marking, isolation, property. There is no variable for the place of dying, the care of the dying, pain, last words or the experience of the person who is leaving.
Children and the unborn. The parents of a dead child are coded for isolation and marking in 27 and 16 societies; stillbirth, miscarriage and infant death, where the threshold of personhood is decided, have no variable at all.
Cost and labour. Feasting is coded; who pays for it, who digs, who washes, who is paid and what a funeral costs a household are not.
Movement. Every society is one place. Bodies flown home, ashes carried across borders, funerals held by video and diaspora obligations are invisible to a sample pinned to points on a map.
Mass death. War, genocide, epidemic and disaster produce mortuary regimes of their own: emergency burial, missing persons, identification, disrupted rites. The sample codes ordinary deaths.
Whose words. The sources behind the codes were written mostly by outsiders, many of them missionaries and colonial officers, at the focal dates shown. The record is not a window; it is what those writers chose to see. Several of the summaries used in the cases above carry their own warning to that effect.
Restricted knowledge. Some of what is absent is absent on purpose. Communities restrict the names, images and rites of their dead, and a blank in a coded dataset can be governance rather than ignorance. This page treats it as such and shows no image of human remains.

Method, sources and licence

The data. All society-level values come from the D-PLACE CLDF release of the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, version 3.3 (January 2026), and the D-PLACE release of Pulotu, version 1.3.1. The 93 SCCS variables shown are those the release files under the category "Life cycle, Mourning, Death, Ritual, Religion": SCCS1850 to SCCS1857 from Sissel Schroeder's 2001 codes on secondary disposal, and SCCS1918 to SCCS2002 from the grief and mourning codes of Paul Rosenblatt, R. Patricia Walsh and Douglas Jackson, published in World Cultures in 2011 from their 1976 study. A build script reads the release files, counts the coded values for each variable, keeps the original code labels, and writes the counts and every sentence containing a number on this page; the script fails if a sentence and its count disagree.

Labels. Code labels are shown as the release prints them, with three exceptions corrected for display: "nealy" and "prsent" in Schroeder's scales read "nearly" and "present" here, and a double space is closed. The scale wording in brackets is dropped from row labels and kept in the counts tables.

Binning. Ordinal scales such as "name taboo, 0 to 8" are grouped into two or three bands for the strips, with the band edges printed in each row label. The band that contains the scale's zero never includes a coded presence. One named code is placed by its meaning rather than its position in the release: "name taboo present and permanent" sits at position 4 of the 0 to 8 scale in the release and is grouped here with the strong taboos, as the row label says. Uncoded societies are never grouped with any answer. Where the release stores a numeric scale with named end points, the end points are placed at the values the codebook labels give them.

Focal years. A society's year is D-PLACE's main focal year; where a single observation carries a different year in the data file, the record notes it. Pulotu cultures are placed at the traditional time focus recorded in the dataset, which its documentation defines as the earliest period allowing a detailed reconstruction of the indigenous religion.

The cases. The eHRAF material was gathered into a research corpus by the author with the help of an AI assistant over several rounds in September 2026 and is presented here only as what a culture summary or a document abstract describes, with its date. The eHRAF site refuses automated access, so none of those summaries was re-read for this page; the monographs' publisher pages were. A reader with an eHRAF subscription can follow every link.

Images. Photographs are from Wikimedia Commons under the licence stated in each caption, and none shows human remains.

Licence. The SCCS release is published by D-PLACE under CC BY-NC 4.0 and Pulotu under CC BY 4.0. This page is non-commercial. Cite the datasets as: Murdock, G. P. and White, D. R. (1969), Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, Ethnology 8(4): 329–369, as released by D-PLACE (dplace-dataset-sccs v3.3); Watts, J., Sheehan, O., Greenhill, S. J., Gomes-Ng, S., Atkinson, Q. D., Bulbulia, J. and Gray, R. D. (2015), Pulotu: Database of Austronesian supernatural beliefs and practices, PLoS ONE 10(9): e0136783, as released by D-PLACE (dplace-dataset-pulotu). Kirby, K. R. and colleagues (2016), D-PLACE: A global database of cultural, linguistic and environmental diversity, PLoS ONE 11(7): e0158391.

Cite this page

Comper, M. (2026). Death, everywhere: thirty-two questions about being dead, answered by 186 dated societies. https://mariuscomper.uk/death-everywhere/ (data: D-PLACE SCCS v3.3, Pulotu v1.3.1). Accessed [date].

Every question on this page has a stable address of the form https://mariuscomper.uk/death-everywhere/#q-name-taboo, and every society's record one of the form https://mariuscomper.uk/death-everywhere/#society-SCCS133.

All 93 death variables in the release, with the number of societies coded

Variable	Name in the release	Coded
SCCS1850	Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale	162
SCCS1851	Disarticulation: Original Scale	162
SCCS1852	Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two	162
SCCS1853	Disarticulation: Scale Two	162
SCCS1854	Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three	162
SCCS1855	Disarticulation: Scale Three	162
SCCS1856	Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four	162
SCCS1857	Disarticulation: Scale Four	162
SCCS1918	Crying Frequency	58
SCCS1919	Crying Duration	31
SCCS1920	Male Crying: Frequency	52
SCCS1921	Female Crying: Frequency	56
SCCS1922	Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	44
SCCS1923	Actual Self-injury: Frequency	43
SCCS1924	Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	31
SCCS1925	Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency	31
SCCS1926	Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency	29
SCCS1927	Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency	30
SCCS1928	Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone	16
SCCS1929	Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone	11
SCCS1930	Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow	12
SCCS1931	Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	10
SCCS1932	Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased	13
SCCS1933	Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased	10
SCCS1934	Outgroup Member Institutional Target	15
SCCS1935	Presumed Killer Institutional Target	11
SCCS1936	Self Institutionalized Target	16
SCCS1937	Somebody Institutionalized Target	24
SCCS1938	Something Institutionalized Target	19
SCCS1939	Something Institutionalized Target, Not a Sacrifice	8
SCCS1940	Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death	11
SCCS1941	Fear of Ghost Present	41
SCCS1942	Degree of Fear of Ghost	39
SCCS1943	Fear of Bodies Present	20
SCCS1944	Sex Difference, Crying	48
SCCS1945	Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation	17
SCCS1946	Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation	15
SCCS1947	Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression	10
SCCS1948	Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal	45
SCCS1949	Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal	62
SCCS1950	Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse	56
SCCS1951	Isolation of Widows	34
SCCS1952	Isolation of Widowers	32
SCCS1953	Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased	27
SCCS1954	Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring	27
SCCS1955	Marking of Widows	47
SCCS1956	Marking of Widowers	37
SCCS1957	Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased	29
SCCS1958	Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased	19
SCCS1959	Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring	16
SCCS1960	Ghosts Present	59
SCCS1961	Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known	38
SCCS1962	Eventual Distance of Spirits	46
SCCS1963	Sororate Present Vs. Absent	18
SCCS1964	Percentage of Widow Remarrying Values in the release run from 30 to 200 and cannot be a plain percentage; shown as released.	27
SCCS1965	Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate	18
SCCS1966	Levirate Present Vs. Absent	37
SCCS1967	Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time	44
SCCS1968	Amount of Useful Property Destroyed	62
SCCS1969	Name Taboo Present	40
SCCS1970	Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily	51
SCCS1971	Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment	52
SCCS1972	Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased	15
SCCS1973	Cleansing of Widows	26
SCCS1974	Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known	26
SCCS1975	Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	57
SCCS1976	Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance	25
SCCS1977	Mourning: Duration, Widowers	29
SCCS1978	Mourning: Duration, Widows	40
SCCS1979	Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring	14
SCCS1980	Final Ceremonies Present or Absent	52
SCCS1981	Series of Final Ceremonies	24
SCCS1982	Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies	22
SCCS1983	Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony	25
SCCS1984	Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning	21
SCCS1985	Amount of Grief after End of Mourning	19
SCCS1986	Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	46
SCCS1987	Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	33
SCCS1988	Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	38
SCCS1989	Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	18
SCCS1990	Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies	35
SCCS1991	Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies	27
SCCS1992	Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies	10
SCCS1993	Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies	19
SCCS1994	Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies	9
SCCS1995	Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies	18
SCCS1996	Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time	15
SCCS1997	Degree of Christian Influence	67
SCCS1998	Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults	53
SCCS1999	Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance	19
SCCS2000	Age of Marriage, Females (N = 35) A control variable in the grief study, kept in the same block by the release.	35
SCCS2001	Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806)	186
SCCS2002	World Religions (1807)	186

Further reading, open access. Bob Simpson's entry Death in the Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology (2018) is the best short account of the field. The Cambridge Handbook for the Anthropology of Death (Richardson, Wagner and Toulson, eds., July 2026) organises current work into everyday dying and deathwork, materiality and the corpse, life from death, necropolitics and beyond death; its chapters are behind a paywall, its contents page is not.