Pax Silica: the US declaration on the artificial-intelligence supply chain, who signed it and what has been done

Who signed, who did not and when: a map of the three texts

Two documents carry the Pax Silica name: the declaration itself (25 signatories) and the wider joint statement on AI opportunity (35). The third, China’s WAICO agreement (37 members), sits outside Pax Silica and is discussed alongside them as an alternative. Choose the document, move through time or press Play. Select a country for its card.

How the count works: the 25 = 24 countries (with the US) + the European Union. Leave out the US and 23 countries and the EU remain. AI statement: the date is that of the statement; the list of 35 is the one published on 26 June.

What had happened by this date

1. 8 December 2025
   President Trump announces the US will allow Nvidia H200 chips to be shipped to approved customers in China; the Commerce rule follows on 13 January 2026.

   U.S. Commerce Dept (BIS), 13 Jan 2026

2. 11 December 2025
   The State Department publishes the Pax Silica fact sheet; the US and Japan sign a joint preamble.

   State Dept fact sheet, Pax Silica Summit, 11 Dec 2025 · State Dept media note, U.S.-Japan preamble, 11 Dec 2025

3. 12 December 2025
   Launch: the first summit, in Washington. Seven signatories counted by the State Department: the US, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, the UK, Israel, Australia. The Netherlands, the UAE, Canada, Taiwan, the EU and the OECD attend without signing.

   State Dept fact sheet, Pax Silica Summit, 11 Dec 2025 · State Dept media note, 11 Dec 2025 · Hudson Institute event page, 29 Jan 2026

4. 12 January 2026
   Qatar signs: the eighth signature counted.

   State Dept media note, Qatar signs, 12 Jan 2026

5. 14 January 2026
   The United Arab Emirates signs: the ninth.

   State Dept media note, UAE signs, 14 Jan 2026

6. 16 January 2026
   The US and Israel launch a strategic AI partnership with Israel as a “Pax Silica node”; the text says it creates no legal obligations.

   U.S.-Israel joint statement, 16 Jan 2026

7. 27 January 2026
   Taiwan endorses the declaration’s principles in a joint statement with the US, without signing.

   AIT-TECRO joint statement, 27 Jan 2026

8. 4 February 2026
   Critical Minerals Ministerial in Washington: 54 countries and the European Commission, Romania among them.

   State Dept fact sheet, Critical Minerals Ministerial, 4 Feb 2026

9. 19 February 2026
   The State Department announces the Edge AI Package (up to $200 million) and the “concierge” service for signatories.

   State Dept media note, Edge AI Package, 19 Feb 2026 · State Dept media note, concierge pilot, 19 Feb 2026

10. 20 February 2026
    India signs in New Delhi: the tenth.

    State Dept media note, India signs, 20 Feb 2026

11. 17 March 2026
    Sweden signs in Houston, the first EU member state.

    State Dept media note, Sweden, 17 Mar 2026 · Swedish Government, 17 Mar 2026

12. 26 March 2026
    The Pax Silica Fund: $250 million “intended”, alongside an investor consortium with more than $1 trillion in assets under management.

    State Dept media note, Pax Silica Fund, 26 Mar 2026 · Fox News, 31 Mar 2026

13. 16 April 2026
    The Philippines and Finland sign on the same day. The US and the Philippines announce a 4,000-acre industrial zone.

    State Dept media note, Philippines, 16 Apr 2026 · State Dept media note, Finland, 16 Apr 2026 · State Dept press notice, 15 Apr 2026

14. 6 May 2026
    Norway signs.

    State Dept media note, Norway, 6 May 2026

15. 23 June 2026
    The Netherlands, the European Commission (for the EU), Germany and Greece sign in Washington. The Netherlands signs while lobbying Washington against the MATCH Act.

    State Dept fact sheet, outcomes of the second summit, 26 Jun 2026 · Helberg remarks, EU, Germany, Greece, 23 Jun 2026 · DutchNews.nl, 24 Jun 2026

16. 25 June 2026
    The second summit. 35 signers of the joint statement on AI. Kazakhstan signs the Pax Silica Declaration.

    State Dept fact sheet, outcomes of the second summit, 26 Jun 2026 · Joint Statement on AI Opportunity Partnership, 25 Jun 2026 · State Dept press notice, second summit, 22 Jun 2026 · Helberg remarks, Kazakhstan, 26 Jun 2026

17. 26 June 2026
    Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Panama sign. Total: 24 signatories.

    Helberg remarks, five Latin American signatories, 26 Jun 2026 · State Dept fact sheet, outcomes of the second summit, 26 Jun 2026

18. 16 July 2026
    China and 28 other countries sign the WAICO founding agreement in Shanghai.

    Xinhua, 29 countries sign WAICO agreement, 16 Jul 2026 · Reuters via U.S. News, 16 Jul 2026

19. 31 July 2026
    Italy signs in Brindisi: the 25th. On the same day and the day before, eight countries join WAICO: Dominica, Brunei, Togo, Iran, Sudan, Vietnam, Georgia, Tanzania.

    State Dept media note, Italy, 31 Jul 2026 · China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, later WAICO signatories, 31 Jul 2026

20. 12 August 2026
    The State Department publishes the call for proposals for Pax Pass, closing 20 August.

    State Dept media note, Pax Silica AI Assistance Project NOFO, 12 Aug 2026

21. 14 August 2026
    Reuters reports a draft State Department letter to the 35 signers of the AI statement: “To be part of everything is to be part of nothing.” The draft is undated and does not name China.

    TNW, summarising Reuters of 14 Aug 2026, 15 Aug 2026 · The Diplomat, C. Putz, 8 Sep 2026

22. 3 September 2026
    Launch of Foundry School, Pax Silica’s training programme.

    State Dept press notice, Foundry School, 1 Sep 2026 · Helberg remarks, Foundry School launch, 3 Sep 2026

Every country and body, in one table

The same data as the map, in a table you can reach by keyboard and read with a screen reader. The first 25 rows are the declaration’s signatories.

Sources: U.S. Department of State, Pax Silica (declaration text, signatories) · State Dept fact sheet, outcomes of the second summit, 26 Jun 2026 · Joint Statement on AI Opportunity Partnership, 25 Jun 2026 · Xinhua, 29 countries sign WAICO agreement, 16 Jul 2026 · China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, later WAICO signatories, 31 Jul 2026 · AIT-TECRO joint statement, 27 Jan 2026

In brief: five things to know

The declaration, sentence by sentence

The State Department publishes the declaration in English on its Pax Silica page. It is reproduced in full below, sentence by sentence, with the main verb of each sentence highlighted so you can see what the text asserts and what it promises.

1. 1

   affirmWe affirm our shared commitment to advance mutual prosperity, technological progress, and economic security for our peoples.

2. 2

   recognizeWe recognize that a reliable supply chain is indispensable to our mutual economic security.

3. 3

   recognizeWe also recognize that artificial intelligence (AI) represents a transformative force for our long-term prosperity and that trustworthy systems are essential to safeguarding our mutual security and prosperity.

4. 4

   recognizeWe recognize that the technological revolution in AI is accelerating, increasingly reorganizing the world economy, and reshaping global supply chains.

5. 5

   believeWe believe that economic value and growth will flow through and across all levels of the global AI supply chain, driving historic opportunity and demand for energy, critical minerals, manufacturing, technological hardware, infrastructure, and new markets not yet invented.

6. 6

   declareIn this spirit, we declare our shared vision to deepen our economic partnership through shared efforts on investment security practices, infrastructure, and incentives.

7. 7

   encourageWe encourage efforts to partner on strategic stacks of the global technology supply chain, including, but not limited to, software applications and platforms, frontier foundation models, information connectivity and network infrastructure, compute and semiconductors, advanced manufacturing, transportation logistics, minerals refining and processing, and energy.

8. 8

   believeWe believe in mobilizing the immense creative and financial power of private industry and entrepreneurship to make our citizens more prosperous, our nations stronger, and our supply chains more secure.

9. 9

   seekWe seek scalable approaches and solutions to supply chain security by mobilizing the complementary industrial and technological strengths of strategic companies and firms from our respective economies.

10. 10

    supportWe support the promotion of a shared and trusted ecosystem of AI developers and vendors to renew legacy industries and unlock new markets and services for the lasting prosperity of our peoples.

11. 11

    believeWe believe that true economic security requires reducing excessive dependencies and forging new connections with reliable partners and suppliers committed to fair market practices.

12. 12

    will endeavorAt the same time, we will endeavor to provide access to trusted partners to the full stack of technological advancements that are shaping the AI economy.

13. 13

    understandWe understand the importance of addressing non-market practices that undermine innovation and fair competition.

14. 14

    believeWe believe that coordination is essential to protect private investment from the market distortions of overcapacity and unfair dumping practices, and to preserve a level playing field for innovation and growth.

15. 15

    understandWe understand the importance of cooperation on the enforcement of our respective policies to protect sensitive technologies and critical infrastructure from undue access, influence, or control.

16. 16

    intendIn this spirit, we intend to further strengthen economic and national security cooperation, including taking complementary actions as appropriate to address non-market policies and practices and enhancing investment security.

17. 17

    seekWe seek to build and deploy trusted information networks, including information and communication technology systems, fiberoptic cables, and data centers.

18. 18

    pursueThrough this cooperation, we pursue a comprehensive economic partnership to build an economic security order based on trust, technological complementarity, shared interests, and a shared commitment to a more prosperous future.

“Will” appears twice: in “value and growth will flow” (sentence 5), a forecast, and in “we will endeavor to provide access to trusted partners” (sentence 12), the only promise phrased with “will”, and a promise of effort rather than result. Sentence 16 says “we intend”.

Source: US Department of State, Pax Silica page, read 2 October 2026.

What is not in the text

Searched across the declaration’s 3,441 characters, with no exceptions:

• China
• export control
• tariff
• quota
• secretariat
• binding
• treaty
• sanction
• budget
• dollar
• Taiwan
• Japan
• United States

Legal status: what is known

The State Department page does not say whether the declaration is legally binding. The US–Israel statement of 16 January 2026, a separate understanding built on it, says outright that it “does not create legally binding rights or obligations”. A Brussels institute writes that when the EU joined, the European Commission clarified the text is not legally binding; the Commission’s own page does not contain that clarification. In short: the text uses verbs of intent, and its legal status is not stated by the State Department.

The declaration’s eight layers: what the text says and what has been done in each

Sentence 7 of the declaration lists eight “strategic stacks” of the technology supply chain. They are taken here in the text’s own order. For each you see the declaration’s phrase, the programmes announced by 2 October 2026 with their status and, where comparable public data exist, who holds the layer worldwide.

What was announced and what was done: nine mechanisms, as of 2 October 2026

Each mechanism has the announcement date, the amount (a ceiling or an intention, not a payment), its status on 2 October 2026 and the source. No award announced means the State Department’s Pax Silica releases (11 December 2025 – 3 September 2026) show no announcement of winners or payment; other public registers were not searched.

The amounts announced in the three funding programmes the State Department ties to Pax Silica add up to $500 million (250 + 200 + 50); $250 million is an intended allocation, working with Congress, and the other two are “up to”. The sum excludes the State Department’s separate critical-minerals programmes (for example the EXIM loan of up to $10 billion for Project Vault): those are not part of Pax Silica.

Who is outside the pact, and who is in two camps at once

Three documents are easily confused because they are presented together. Each has a different text, a different number of signatories and a different purpose.

Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan: the countries in the middle

Kazakhstan is the only country that signed both the Pax Silica Declaration (at the 25–26 June summit) and the WAICO agreement (on 16 July), about three weeks apart. CSIS observes that governments like it join several initiatives at once (“joining everything”); The Diplomat adds that Uzbekistan, a WAICO member since July, asked by diplomatic note to join Pax Silica as well. Its ambassador called red lines “counterproductive”. On 2 October Uzbekistan was not on the list of signatories.

Sources: The Diplomat, C. Putz, 8 Sep 2026 · CSIS, Collins and Mehta, 21 Sep 2026 · Xinhua, 29 countries sign WAICO agreement, 16 Jul 2026 · Helberg remarks, Kazakhstan, 26 Jun 2026

The draft letter: “choose”

On 14 August 2026 Reuters reported a draft of a State Department letter to the 35 signers of the AI statement. The draft says “To be part of everything is to be part of nothing”, that signing the Pax Silica declaration is “not merely a membership subscription, but a commitment”, and that membership cannot be combined with “duplicative initiatives whose expectations conflict with our own”. China is not named. The draft is undated and the State Department declined to comment on “purportedly leaked internal documents”. According to The Diplomat, on 8 September the letter did not appear to have been sent. The Reuters report is cited here through TNW and The Diplomat; the original could not be opened.

Sources: TNW, summarising Reuters of 14 Aug 2026, 15 Aug 2026 · The Diplomat, C. Putz, 8 Sep 2026

Taiwan, the Netherlands, Canada: those at the table who did not sign

Taiwan appears at the State Department as a “non-signatory participant” and endorsed the principles in a joint statement with the US on 27 January 2026. The Netherlands, home to ASML, the only maker of EUV lithography machines, was at the launch but signed only on 23 June, together with the European Commission. Canada took part in the first summit as a guest and is not among the signatories.

Sources: U.S. Department of State, Pax Silica (declaration text, signatories) · AIT-TECRO joint statement, 27 Jan 2026 · Helberg remarks, Netherlands, 23 Jun 2026 · DutchNews.nl, 24 Jun 2026 · State Dept fact sheet, Pax Silica Summit, 11 Dec 2025

Export controls: absent from the declaration, present around it

1. 8 December 2025
   President Trump announces the US will allow H200 chips to be shipped to approved customers in China, four days before launch. The Commerce (BIS) rule is issued on 13 January 2026: licence applications are reviewed “case-by-case” under security conditions.

   U.S. Commerce Dept (BIS), 13 Jan 2026

2. 2026
   The MATCH Act (Multilateral Alignment of Technology Controls on Hardware) is introduced in Congress. If allies cannot show progress on alignment within 150 days, the Commerce Department would apply controls unilaterally, including on foreign-made products that use US technology.

   Rep. Goodlander, MATCH Act release

3. 23–24 June 2026
   The Dutch trade minister signs Pax Silica in Washington and asks for the MATCH Act to be rejected. The machines it targets account for about a fifth of ASML’s expected revenue this year, according to the Financieele Dagblad as cited by DutchNews. The bill had cleared a committee but not the full Congress.

   DutchNews.nl, 24 Jun 2026

What can be concluded: Pax Silica links countries through shared intentions, while export control remains a matter of national laws and licences. The declaration asks no one to change an export rule.

Romania: what is known and what is not

Romania is an EU member state in south-eastern Europe.

• Romania has signed no text.It is on neither the list of signatories of the Pax Silica declaration nor among the 35 signers of the AI statement (State Department lists, read on 2 October 2026). According to CSIS, no EU member state joined WAICO.
• It is one of 15 EU states with no signature of its own.Of the 27 member states, six signed the Pax Silica declaration (Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden), six only the AI statement (Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal) and 15 neither: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, France, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain.
• The Union signed through the European Commission.The Commission writes that it signed “on behalf of the EU” and ties the move to its technological-sovereignty package, including the Chips Act 2.0. The Commission’s page does not say what the signature means for member states that did not sign, nor whether the text binds them. A Brussels institute (BIG) writes that the Commission clarified the text is not legally binding; the Commission’s page does not contain that clarification.
• Romania was at the critical-minerals table.It was one of the 54 countries represented at the Washington ministerial of 4 February 2026, which the State Department links to Pax Silica. The ministerial is a separate process with its own set of agreements.
• The government’s position: unknown.No public position of the Romanian government on Pax Silica was found. If one exists, it was not in the sources read.

What it means for a reader in Romania

The text contains no verbs of obligation, and no source read attributes legal effects to it for people or firms; for states, its legal status is not stated by the State Department. Possible effects run through other instruments: the export laws of the US, the Netherlands and Japan, the price of critical minerals and EU policy (the Commission has adopted a package that includes the Chips Act 2.0). One of them, the MATCH Act, is not part of Pax Silica and is not law.

Sources: U.S. Department of State, Pax Silica (declaration text, signatories) · Joint Statement on AI Opportunity Partnership, 25 Jun 2026 · State Dept fact sheet, Critical Minerals Ministerial, 4 Feb 2026 · European Commission, Commission signs Pax Silica declaration · Brussels Institute for Geopolitics, 16 Jul 2026

Figures from speeches, set beside the data

The State Department backs Pax Silica with figures spoken in speeches. They are set here beside the closest public sources; the measures do not always coincide. The verdict says what the comparison shows, not who is right in policy terms.

How sources outside the State Department read it

Six sources from outside the State Department, in order of publication; they are not a comprehensive survey of international views. Each row says what the source argues, what it counts and what limit it sets itself.

How the count works, and where counts go wrong

• The 25 signatories are not 25 countries.The State Department counts 25 signatories: 24 countries, including the US, which coordinates, and the European Union (signed by the Commission). Its page lists 24 names, without the US. Leave out the US and 23 countries and the EU remain. AI statement: the date is that of the statement; the list of 35 is the one published on 26 June.
• The Department’s numbering does not match the chronology.Sweden (17 March) is called “the twelfth” signatory, but the Department’s own dates give the eleventh. Up to Norway (6 May) the numbers are one too high; Italy (31 July), “the 25th”, is correct. The 17 March list already includes Greece, which the June notes show joining on 23 June. The records do not show which of the two is wrong, and the Department does not explain the mismatch.
• The launch: five, seven or eleven?The 11 December note names five countries due to sign. The 12 January count implies seven (with the US and the UK); the Hudson Institute and ITIF give seven. The Atlantic Council and CSIS write eleven, a figure no State Department source supports.
• Kazakhstan’s date has three versions.The 22 June schedule puts it on Thursday 25 June; the Department’s remarks are dated 26 June; The Diplomat writes 27 June. This page uses 25 June and says the date varies.

The claim ledger: every claim, with the exact quotation and its source

Each row ties a claim on this page to the exact quotation in the source (in the original language) and to its address. The ledger can be downloaded. Rows marked as verified directly were opened on their own page on 2 October 2026.

Download the ledger (CSV) Download the signatories (CSV)

Source tiers in the ledger: P = primary document, R = reporting, A = analysis, D = dataset.

Sources, method and limits

All figures and statuses are those of 2 October 2026. The page does not update itself: anything that happened after that date is not shown here.

• Primary sources. The 46 releases, remarks and fact sheets the State Department published between 11 December 2025 and 3 September 2026, plus the Pax Silica page, were saved in full on 2 October 2026. Every quotation on the page was checked against those texts. The Chinese, European, Swedish and American documents (Xinhua, China’s foreign ministry, the European Commission, the Swedish government, the Commerce Department) were read on their own pages.
• Data. Refining: International Energy Agency, Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026, page 39 (CC BY 4.0). Mining: USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, 2025 estimates. Compute: Epoch AI, Data on GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0), 482 clusters, the latest started on 22 July 2025. Map: Natural Earth, public domain. The mining and compute shares are calculated here; the sources do not publish them.
• What signatory of the declaration means here. The countries and bodies the State Department lists as signatories, on the dates in its releases. Signatories together with the US count as “in the club” in the mining and compute calculations; EU states that did not sign on their own are not counted.
• The WAICO list. The 29 founders are taken from Wikipedia (a tier-4 source) and checked by count (29, of which 10 African and 12 Asian, per Reuters) and by every country Xinhua and Reuters name; the agreement’s official annex was not found. The eight later joiners, on 30 and 31 July, are named by China’s foreign ministry.
• What could not be verified. The Reuters report on the letter (the original would not open). The state of the MATCH Act after 24 June. Any award of funds beyond the official pages read. The Romanian government’s public position. A Chinese foreign-ministry statement on Pax Silica: two transcripts read do not contain one, which does not prove none exists.

What to watch

• Whether the letter to the 35 is sent. On 8 September it did not appear to have been; no later confirmation was found in the sources reviewed.
• Whether Uzbekistan is confirmed as a signatory while being a WAICO member.
• Whether any of the three funding programmes (the Fund, Edge AI, Pax Pass) announces recipients.
• Whether the framework agreement for the Philippine zone is signed; on 14 September it was still being finalised.
• The fate of the MATCH Act in Congress and the Netherlands’ reaction.

Each item was last checked on 2 October 2026.