An atlas of danger, protection and blame
Risk, everywhere
Every society has to live with a future that can go wrong. Twenty-six questions about how they do it, answered by 186 societies as their ethnographers described them and by 140 countries today — and by the questions the record cannot answer at all.
Marius Comper · 2026-09-12 · Non-commercial. Built from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample through D-PLACE and from the Lloyd's Register Foundation World Risk Poll.
None of the 99 societies with all twelve explanations of misfortune coded explain it by natural causes alone
157 of 166 societies have both recorded for an infant: charms, and washing or medicine
67 of 186 societies have no usable rating for how badly famine could strike them
137 of 140 countries in 2025 where mean worry runs above mean experience of harm
Contents What can go wrong Why did it happen? Keeping it from happening Sharing what happens anyway Who can harm you by looking The world now Every society Cases Arguments, and where they break What nobody has coded Method, sources and rights
The answer first
Two habits of thought do not survive this record. The first is that a society settles on one kind of explanation for a misfortune. The second is that ritual protection and practical protection are alternatives.
Of the 99 societies for which all twelve of Murdock's explanations of misfortune were coded, every one recognises at least one supernatural cause — a sorcerer, a witch, an offended power, a lost soul, a fate. Not one explains it by natural causes alone. 74 recognise both kinds and 25 only supernatural ones, and the median society recognises five of the twelve.
The same holds for prevention. Of the 166 societies rated for both, 157 have both recorded: an infant shielded by charms, and the same infant washed, dosed or salved. None has neither. Only physical means were recorded in eight societies, and only magic in one.
And on the plainest question in the file — how badly can the food supply fail here — the coders wrote that they did not know. Carol and Melvin Ember set out to rate the threat of famine in all 186 societies; 50 of the results are a recorded “don't know” and 17 more could not be resolved between coders. For the threat of a weather or pest disaster, 72 of 186 are unusable. That absence is the first finding, not a gap in the footnotes.
How to read a strip
Each question below is drawn as a field of marks. One mark is one society, placed at the year its ethnographer described — the sample runs from 1700 to 1965, with a median of 1915 — and sorted into the row of the answer it was given. Two grey rows sit at the bottom of every field: the societies a coder read and could not rate, and the societies with no entry at all. They are drawn because an empty cell in a comparative file means that nobody wrote it down, never that the answer is no.
Beside every field is the same count as a table. The tables carry the whole argument; the fields only make it quicker to see.
Part one
What can go wrong
Before a society can do anything about a bad future it has to have one. These five questions ask what the ethnographic record says about the danger itself — and they are the questions on which it most often says nothing.
How badly can the food supply fail here?
Threat of Famine (Resolved Rating) · SCCS1683 · Ember & Ember 1992
Ember and Ember read each society's ethnographies for a twenty-five-year window around its focal date and asked how badly the food supply could fail. 119 of 186 societies came out with a usable rating. In 48 no famine was reported; in 39 the ethnographer described famine as an ever-present threat without one occurring; 23 had one; 9 had more than one.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 48 39 23 9 67
67 societies were read and left unrated: 50 carry a recorded “don't know”, 17 could not be resolved between coders. Two half-steps in the original scale are shown here with the nearer whole rating.
Does the weather or a pest wreck it?
Threat of Weather or Pest Disasters · SCCS1684 · Ember & Ember 1992
The same coders asked separately about weather and pests — drought, flood, frost, blight, locusts — rather than about hunger itself. 114 societies have a rating, and it is far more evenly spread than the famine one: 32 were rated high, 29 low.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 29 33 20 32 72
72 of 186 societies are unrated, the largest silence of any question here.
Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year?
Chronic Resource Problems (Resolved Ratings) · SCCS1685 · Ember & Ember 1992
Famine is an event; this asks about the ordinary year. 144 societies are rated. 79 have low or rare scarcity. 44 have hungry times when people say there is not enough. In 14 some people usually do not have enough to eat, and in 7 most are chronically undernourished.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 79 44 14 7 42
42 societies are unrated.
Is the food supply steady through the year?
Food Supply (Ecological or Distribution Network) · SCCS22 · Murdock & Morrow 1970
Murdock and Morrow asked a question about predictability rather than severity: does the food supply hold steady, or does it swing? Every one of the 186 societies has an answer. 86 vary by season, 74 are steady all year from nearby sources, and 14 vary from one year to the next — the hardest pattern to store against, because the bad year is not the one you packed for.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 74 10 86 14 2
A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come?
Occurrence of Famine · SCCS1265 · Dirks 1993
Robert Dirks read the same 186 societies for a different paper and rated how often famine occurred. 170 have a rating and 114 of them are rated very high — a picture of the ethnographic world almost the opposite of the one above.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 16 28 12 114 16
Dirks's published scale is ordinal without a stated window or definition in this release, so the four levels are shown as he named them. The grid comparing the two ratings is below.
Two teams, one famine
Ember and Ember rated the threat of famine in a twenty-five-year window around each society's focal date. Dirks rated how often famine occurred, without stating a window. 113 societies were rated by both. Of the 44 that Ember and Ember recorded as having no famine reported, Dirks rated 25 as very high in famine occurrence.
The two teams were not asking the same question, and neither is shown here as wrong. The reason to print the grid is that a reader who takes either rating as the answer to “how much famine was there?” will be misled about how settled that answer is.
Part two
Why did it happen?
George Peter Murdock's Theories of Illness: A World Survey asked, of each society, how far each of twelve explanations was recognised: a predominant cause, an important auxiliary, a minor one, or not a cause at all. Five of the twelve are what he called natural: infection, stress, organic deterioration and accident. The other eight are supernatural, and he divided them again — mystical (fate, an ominous sensation, contagion by contact with something polluting, and retribution for an offence), animistic (the loss of a soul, an aggressive spirit) and magical (a sorcerer, a witch). Read together they answer a question no single variable can: how many different kinds of answer does a society keep on hand?
Infection
Theories of Infection · SCCS645 · Murdock 1980
Infection is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 31 of the 122 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 1, an important auxiliary in 0, a minor one in 30. 91 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 91 30 1 64
Natural causation, in Murdock's scheme.
Stress
Theories of Stress · SCCS646 · Murdock 1980
Stress is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 71 of the 127 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 0, an important auxiliary in 3, a minor one in 68. 56 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 56 68 3 59
Natural causation, in Murdock's scheme.
Deterioration
Theories of Deterioration · SCCS647 · Murdock 1980
Deterioration is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 29 of the 128 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 0, an important auxiliary in 0, a minor one in 29. 99 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 99 29 58
Natural causation, in Murdock's scheme.
Accident
Theories of Accident · SCCS648 · Murdock 1980
Accident is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 37 of the 128 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 0, an important auxiliary in 0, a minor one in 37. 91 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 91 37 58
Natural causation, in Murdock's scheme.
Fate
Theories of Fate · SCCS649 · Murdock 1980
Fate is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 28 of the 127 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 0, an important auxiliary in 1, a minor one in 27. 99 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 99 27 1 59
Supernatural causation, mystical group.
An ominous sensation
Theories of Ominous Sensation · SCCS650 · Murdock 1980
An ominous sensation is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 37 of the 127 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 0, an important auxiliary in 0, a minor one in 37. 90 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 90 37 59
Supernatural causation, mystical group.
Contagion
Theories of Contagion · SCCS651 · Murdock 1980
Contagion is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 47 of the 128 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 0, an important auxiliary in 1, a minor one in 46. 81 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 81 46 1 58
Supernatural causation, mystical group.
Mystical retribution
Theories of Mystical Retribution · SCCS652 · Murdock 1980
Mystical retribution is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 105 of the 131 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 5, an important auxiliary in 32, a minor one in 68. 26 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 26 68 32 5 55
Supernatural causation, mystical group.
Soul loss
Theories of Soul Loss · SCCS653 · Murdock 1980
Soul loss is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 31 of the 127 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 0, an important auxiliary in 1, a minor one in 30. 96 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 96 30 1 59
Supernatural causation, animistic group.
Spirit aggression
Theories of Spirit Aggression · SCCS654 · Murdock 1980
Spirit aggression is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 129 of the 131 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 74, an important auxiliary in 37, a minor one in 18. 2 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 2 18 37 74 55
Supernatural causation, animistic group.
Sorcery
Theories of Sorcery · SCCS655 · Murdock 1980
Sorcery is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 114 of the 130 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 24, an important auxiliary in 45, a minor one in 45. 16 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 16 45 45 24 56
Supernatural causation, magical group.
Witchcraft
Theories of Witchcraft · SCCS656 · Murdock 1980
Witchcraft is recognised as a cause of misfortune in 50 of the 131 societies Murdock rated for it — the predominant cause in 9, an important auxiliary in 17, a minor one in 24. 81 do not recognise it at all.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 81 24 17 9 55
Supernatural causation, magical group.
One society, twelve explanations Choose a society to see which of the twelve its coder recorded, and how strongly. The bars run from a minor cause to the predominant one.
Society
Part three
Keeping it from happening
Storage, charms, medicine, and the option of walking away. The record's clearest single result is here, and it is about a child.
Is food stored, and who holds it?
Food Storage · SCCS20 · Murdock & Morrow 1970
Storing food is the oldest way of moving a good year into a bad one, and in this sample it is almost entirely a household matter. 129 of 182 societies store in individual households. 7 use communal facilities, 7 store with an economic agent and 3 with a political one. 36 store nothing.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 36 129 7 3 7 4
Storage here means a facility, not a practice: a society that dries meat but keeps it at home is coded to the household.
Is the child protected by magic?
Magical Protectiveness Applied to Parents and Child · SCCS36 · Barry & Paxson 1971
Barry and Paxson coded how far an infant and its parents are shielded by charms, avoidances and rites. 178 societies are rated and only 8 do nothing. Most sit in the middle: 76 slight, 66 moderate.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 8 22 76 66 6 8
Is the same child protected by washing and medicine?
Physical Protectiveness against Childhood Illness · SCCS37 · Barry & Paxson 1971
The same coders, the same infants, the other kind of care: washing, medicines, ointments, keeping the child from cold or dirt. 166 societies are rated and exactly 1 is recorded as making no special effort.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 1 43 79 39 4 20
Read this question together with the one above it. The field below puts the two ratings on the same picture.
Can people simply move away?
Fixity of Settlement · SCCS61 · Murdock & Wilson 1972
Moving away is a defence, and it is not equally available. 102 of the 186 societies live in permanent settlements. 28 are migratory, 21 fixed and then migratory, and 15 settled in places that are periodically moved.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 28 21 6 14 15 102
Fixity describes the settlement, not the freedom of the people in it. A permanent village can be left and a migratory band can be pinned in place.
Charms against washing Every society in this field was rated twice by the same coders: once for how far a child is protected by magic, once for how far the same child is protected by washing, medicine or ointment. If the two were alternatives the marks would fall along a descending line. They do not. 157 of 166 societies sit in the interior of the field, doing both.
Part four
Sharing what happens anyway
When the loss lands, it has to be carried by somebody. These four questions ask how far it can be spread — how far food travels beyond the household, who lends, whether there is money to hold, and whether there is a kin group that owns anything in common.
How far beyond the household does food travel?
Sharing of Food · SCCS1718 · Lang 1998
How far does a meal travel? 89 societies are coded. In 24 food is shared beyond the local community, and in 21 across the whole of it. Only 7 confine sharing to the nuclear family.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 7 14 9 4 21 24 10 97
97 of 186 societies have no entry at all — the thinnest coverage of any question in this atlas, and a poor basis for any claim about how common household-only sharing is.
Who lends when you have nothing?
Credit Source · SCCS18 · Murdock & Morrow 1970
Before an insurer there is a lender, and in this sample the lender is almost always somebody you know. In 113 of 169 societies the only recorded source of credit is a personal loan between friends or relatives. 26 have lenders inside the society, 23 lenders from outside, and 7 banks or comparable institutions.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 113 26 23 7 17
Is there money to save?
Money (Media of Exchange) and Credit · SCCS17 · Murdock & Morrow 1970
Saving needs something that keeps. 77 of 183 societies have no medium of exchange at all; 42 use a foreign currency and 26 an indigenous one.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 77 12 26 42 26 3
Several societies were described at the moment a colonial currency arrived, so this question is partly a record of that arrival.
Is there a kin group that owns things together?
Descent - Membership in Corporate Kinship Groups · SCCS70 · Murdock & Wilson 1972
A kin group that owns things together can carry a loss that a household cannot. 75 of the 186 societies reckon membership patrilineally, 26 matrilineally, 10 by double descent and 6 ambilineally. In 69 descent is bilateral and there is no corporate kin group to fall back on.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 26 10 75 6 69
Part five
Who can harm you by looking
One question, coded for every society in the sample, and a useful corrective to any map of danger drawn only from weather and hunger.
Can a look cause harm?
Evil Eye Belief · SCCS1189 · Roberts 1976
John Roberts coded belief in the evil eye for every society in the sample. 67 of 186 believe in it. The danger here is not weather or hunger: it is other people, and it needs no contact and no intent to be feared.
Drawing the field…
The counts Answer Societies 119 67
Roberts coded presence and absence only. A separate scaled rating records how certain he was, and it is not shown here.
Part six
The world now
The ethnographic sample stops. The Lloyd's Register Foundation World Risk Poll asks a version of the same question of living people: what do you worry could seriously harm you, and what has actually harmed you or someone you know?
What people fear, against what has reached them
Each mark is one country in the 2025 wave: how much its people worry about serious harm from five common sources, against how much of that harm they or someone they know has met. The dashed line is parity. Almost every country sits above it — 137 of 140.
The three that do not are China, Somalia and Sweden, which have little else in common. The gap is not a wealth gradient: the narrowest gaps include some of the richest countries in the sample and some of the poorest. Worry is widest in Mongolia, at 0.46 on a nought-to-one scale, and the middle country sits at 0.21.
Wave 2019 2021 2023 2025
Every country, 2025 Country coverage changes between waves — 115 of the countries surveyed appear in all four — so a trend drawn across waves has to be restricted to those. The scores are the harmonised five-item series the poll publishes for exactly that purpose.
The sample
Every society
All 186 societies of the sample, with the year each was described, its region, and every answer recorded for it in the questions above. The link opens the society's full record at D-PLACE, including the ethnographies each code was read from.
Search by name
Region
Every region Australia Brazil Caribbean Caucasus Central America China East Tropical Africa Eastern Asia Eastern Canada Eastern Europe Indian Subcontinent Indo-China Malesia Mexico Middle Asia Mongolia New Zealand North-Central U.S.A. Northeast Tropical Africa Northern Africa Northern Europe Northern South America Northwestern Pacific Northwestern U.S.A. Papuasia Russian Far East South Tropical Africa South-Central Pacific South-Central U.S.A. Southeastern Europe Southeastern U.S.A. Southern Africa Southern South America Southwestern Europe Southwestern Pacific Southwestern U.S.A. Subarctic America West Tropical Africa West-Central Tropical Africa Western Asia Western Canada Western Indian Ocean Western South America
!Kung 1950 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? None Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, mystical retribution, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Abipón 1750 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Abkhaz 1880 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Aimoré 1884 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies day to day Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Ainu 1880 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Double descent Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, contagion, deterioration, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Ajie 1845 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Aleut 1824 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? None Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving How far beyond the household does food travel? Another arrangement Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Alorese 1938 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Amahuaca 1960 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? None Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Amhara 1953 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? The nuclear family Who lends when you have nothing? Banks or comparable institutions Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Ancient Khmer 1292 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Ancient Romans 110 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Depends on food brought in A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Held by an economic agent Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Banks or comparable institutions Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, fate, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Andamanese 1860 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Annamese 1930 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised fate, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Armenians 1843 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Ashanti 1895 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Exaggerated Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Double descent Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Atayal 1930 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Ambilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised fate, mystical retribution, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Aweikoma 1932 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, mystical retribution, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Aymara 1940 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Most are chronically undernourished Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? The nuclear family Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, contagion, deterioration, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Azande 1905 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, contagion, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Aztec 1520 How badly can the food supply fail here? More than one in that window Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Held by a political agent Is the child protected by magic? Exaggerated Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Ambilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Babylonians 1750 BCE Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Communal facilities Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Banks or comparable institutions Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Badjau Tawi-Tawi 1963 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised deterioration, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Balinese 1958 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? Communal facilities Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Banks or comparable institutions Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, fate, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Bambara 1902 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Banen 1935 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Barabra 1900 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised infection, sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Barama River Carib 1932 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Basseri 1958 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Bemba 1897 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Blin 1855 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Bribri 1917 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Bunlap 1953 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Double descent Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Burmese 1965 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? The nuclear family Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Burusho 1934 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Callinago 1650 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Canela 1915 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Cayua 1890 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Communal facilities Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Chachi 1908 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? None Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Chinese 1936 How badly can the food supply fail here? More than one in that window Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Depends on food brought in A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? Held by an economic agent Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Chiricahua 1870 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, contagion, deterioration, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Chukchi 1900 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Comanche 1870 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? None Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Copper Inuit 1915 How badly can the food supply fail here? More than one in that window Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies day to day A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Cubeo 1939 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Another arrangement Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Deg Xit'an 1885 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Rotating among fixed sites How far beyond the household does food travel? Another arrangement Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, contagion, deterioration, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
DeneTha 1940 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies day to day A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Rotating among fixed sites Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery Full record at D-PLACE →
Eastern Pomo 1850 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Egyptians 1950 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Another arrangement Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, mystical retribution, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Eyak 1890 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Fon 1890 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Fur 1880 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Ganda 1875 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, deterioration, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Garo 1955 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? The nuclear family Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Gheg 1910 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Gros Ventre 1880 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Guna 1927 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Hadza 1930 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery Full record at D-PLACE →
Haida 1875 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Haitians 1935 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Most are chronically undernourished Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? Held by an economic agent Is the child protected by magic? Exaggerated Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Havasupai 1918 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, contagion, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Hebrews 621 BCE How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Banks or comparable institutions Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Hidatsa 1836 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Huichol 1890 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Huron 1634 How badly can the food supply fail here? More than one in that window Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Iban 1950 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Ifugao 1910 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Igbo 1935 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Inca 1530 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Held by a political agent Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Irish 1932 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Held by an economic agent Is the child protected by magic? None Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Non-kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Japanese 1950 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Non-kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised deterioration, infection, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Javanese 1954 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby Is food stored, and who holds it? Held by an economic agent Is the child protected by magic? Exaggerated Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Banks or comparable institutions Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, deterioration, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
K'iche' 1930 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised fate, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Kafa 1905 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Kaska 1900 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Kazakh 1885 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Khalka 1920 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? No special effort Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised infection, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Kikuyu 1920 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Kimam 1960 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Klamath 1860 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Konso 1935 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Koreans 1947 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Another arrangement Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Kurd 1951 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Kutenai 1890 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Kwoma 1937 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Lamet 1940 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Lengua 1889 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies day to day A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Lepcha 1937 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, contagion, deterioration, fate, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Lesu 1930 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Lolo 1910 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Lozi 1900 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Can people simply move away? Rotating among fixed sites Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Ambilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Luguru 1925 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Maasi 1900 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised infection Full record at D-PLACE →
Madia 1938 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Makin 1890 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Ambilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Manchu 1915 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, contagion, mystical retribution, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Manus 1929 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? None Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Double descent Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Mao 1939 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Mapuche 1950 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? A variety of exceptional techniques Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Maras 1930 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin beyond the community Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Marquesans 1800 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Communal facilities Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, deterioration, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Marshallese - Jaluit Atoll 1900 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, contagion, deterioration, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Masa 1910 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Mbau Fijians 1840 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, contagion, deterioration, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Mbundu 1890 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Double descent Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Mbuti 1950 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, deterioration, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Mee 1955 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? The nuclear family Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Mende 1945 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, contagion, deterioration, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Mi'kmaq 1650 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Miskito 1921 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Montagnais 1910 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Munduruku 1850 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, contagion, sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Muscogee 1800 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Communal facilities Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Māori 1820 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Ambilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Nama 1860 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, deterioration, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Nambikwara 1940 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Natchez 1718 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Negri Sembilan 1958 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Nicobarese 1870 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Non-kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, soul loss, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Nivkh 1890 How badly can the food supply fail here? More than one in that window Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Another arrangement Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Nkundo 1930 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Northern Aranda 1896 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies day to day A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Double descent Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Northern Saulteaux 1930 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Nuxalk 1880 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Exaggerated Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? A variety of exceptional techniques Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Ambilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised deterioration, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Nyakyusa 1934 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Omaha 1860 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Orokaiva 1925 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Otoro 1930 How badly can the food supply fail here? More than one in that window Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Most are chronically undernourished Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Palauans 1947 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, deterioration, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Pawnee 1867 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Most are chronically undernourished Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, deterioration, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Punjabi 1950 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Rade 1962 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Riffians 1926 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Russians 1955 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Held by a political agent Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? A variety of exceptional techniques Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Rwala 1913 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Another arrangement Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, fate, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Sami 1950 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Santal 1940 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Saramaccan 1928 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Semang 1925 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Shavante 1958 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Shilluk 1910 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Shuar 1920 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, deterioration, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Sierra Popoluca 1940 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Sirionó 1942 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies day to day A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, contagion, infection, mystical retribution, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Siuai 1939 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, deterioration, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Somali (Dolbahanta) 1900 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Songhai 1940 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Most are chronically undernourished Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Southern Valley Yokuts 1850 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? A fixed core, some moving How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Spanish Basques 1934 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? High Is food stored, and who holds it? Held by an economic agent Is the child protected by magic? None Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? A variety of exceptional techniques Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Banks or comparable institutions Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Suku 1920 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised deterioration, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Tallensi 1934 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Communal facilities Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? The nuclear family Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Tanala 1925 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Rotating among fixed sites How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Teda 1950 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Most are chronically undernourished Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Tehuelche 1870 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies day to day A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, deterioration, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Thai 1955 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, deterioration, fate, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Tikopia 1930 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Another arrangement Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised deterioration, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Tiv 1920 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised deterioration, infection, mystical retribution, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Tiwi 1929 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Double descent Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Tobelorese 1900 Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Toda 1900 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Rotating among fixed sites Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Double descent Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Tohono O'odham 1910 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Rotating among fixed sites Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Toradja 1910 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, contagion, deterioration, fate, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Trobriands 1914 How badly can the food supply fail here? More than one in that window Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Communal facilities Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Trukese 1947 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Most are chronically undernourished Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? The nuclear family Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Trumai 1938 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Only the newborn period Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Another arrangement Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Tsonga 1895 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, fate, infection, mystical retribution, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Tuareg Ahaggar 1900 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Useful articles Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, infection, mystical retribution, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Tupinambá 1550 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Turks 1950 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised fate, infection, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Twana 1860 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Tokens of conventional value Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Upolu Samoans 1829 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Uttar Pradesh 1945 Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderate Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, deterioration, fate, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Vedda 1860 Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies day to day Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? The whole community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Wadadokado 1870 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, deterioration, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Warao 1935 How badly can the food supply fail here? More than one in that window Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies day to day A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Fixed, then migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Wayuu 1947 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Wodaabe Fulani 1951 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, contagion, fate, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Wolof 1950 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Some do not have enough Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Non-kin in the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Double descent Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Yahgan 1865 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very low Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Migratory How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised accident, an ominous sensation, infection, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression Full record at D-PLACE →
Yanomami 1965 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Low Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Slight Can people simply move away? Settled, periodically moved How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Full record at D-PLACE →
Yapese 1910 How badly can the food supply fail here? No famine reported Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? No storage Is the child protected by magic? Slight Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent Is there money to save? Indigenous currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Double descent Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Full record at D-PLACE →
Yukaghir 1850 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies day to day A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Yurak-Samoyeds 1894 How badly can the food supply fail here? One famine in twenty-five years Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Low Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Slight Can people simply move away? Migratory Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders from outside Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised contagion, infection, mystical retribution, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Yurok 1850 Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Low or rare Is the food supply steady through the year? Steady all year, from nearby A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? None Is there a kin group that owns things together? No corporate kin group Can a look cause harm? No such belief recorded Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, contagion, fate, mystical retribution, sorcery, soul loss, spirit aggression, stress Full record at D-PLACE →
Zazzagawa Hausa 1900 How badly can the food supply fail here? More than one in that window Does the weather or a pest wreck it? High Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies by season A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Held by an economic agent Is the child protected by magic? Moderate Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Moderate, such as regular baths Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Beyond the community Who lends when you have nothing? Lenders inside the society Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Patrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised an ominous sensation, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, stress, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Zuni 1880 How badly can the food supply fail here? Famine an ever-present threat Does the weather or a pest wreck it? Moderately high Is there enough to eat in an ordinary year? Hungry times during the year Is the food supply steady through the year? Varies from year to year A second team read the same societies. How often did famine come? Very high Is food stored, and who holds it? Individual households Is the child protected by magic? Exaggerated Is the same child protected by washing and medicine? Medicines and ointments Can people simply move away? Permanent How far beyond the household does food travel? Another arrangement Who lends when you have nothing? Friends or relatives Is there money to save? Foreign currency Is there a kin group that owns things together? Matrilineal Can a look cause harm? The evil eye is believed in Explanations of misfortune recognised deterioration, mystical retribution, sorcery, spirit aggression, witchcraft Full record at D-PLACE →
Cases
Cases
A code compresses a book. These are some of the books — each with the claim it is usually cited for, and the work that complicates it. They are here because the counts above cannot show what a precaution feels like from inside, and because several of the strongest ideas about risk rest on a single fieldsite.
The lagoon and the open sea
Trobriand Islands · fieldwork 1915–18
Malinowski's most quoted observation about danger is a comparison inside a single society. Fishing in the sheltered lagoon, where a man can rely on his knowledge and his method, is done with little magic. Fishing in the open sea, where the catch is uncertain and the water can kill, is surrounded by it. He took this as evidence that magic appears where technique runs out.
What complicates it
Annette Weiner, working in the same islands two generations later, showed that Trobriand magic is also property, inheritance and political claim. Treating it as an anxiety response to a dangerous sea explains the part that fits the theory and leaves out what the magic is worth to the person who owns it.
Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922) · Weiner, Inalienable Possessions (1992)
Why this granary, and why then
Azande, south-western Sudan · fieldwork 1926–30
Evans-Pritchard's example is a granary that collapses on the people sitting in its shade. The Azande know perfectly well that termites ate the supports; they will say so. What witchcraft answers is the other question — why those particular people were underneath it at that particular hour. The two explanations do not compete, because they are not answers to the same question.
What complicates it
The example is so useful that it is often made to stand for witchcraft everywhere. It describes one people at one moment, and the counts in part two show how much the mixture of explanations varies: sorcery is the predominant cause in some societies, spirit aggression in far more, witchcraft in only a few.
Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande (1937)
Insurance without an insurer
Basarwa, northern Botswana · fieldwork early 1980s
Elizabeth Cashdan set out the mechanism that the food-sharing question in part four can only count, not explain. Where a household's own yield swings hard from season to season, an obligation to give and to receive flattens the swing. Nobody has bought anything; the variance has still been reduced.
What complicates it
A network that absorbs a shock also holds people in place. Later work on rural insurance networks finds that the households best protected by them are the least likely to leave — the protection has a price paid in options rather than money.
Cashdan, ‘Coping with Risk’, Man 20:3 (1985) · Wiessner on hxaro networks, Current Anthropology 39:4 (1998)
Turning exposure into a document
Ukraine, after 1986 · fieldwork 1992–97
After Chernobyl, an injury nobody could see had to be made into something a state could act on. Adriana Petryna followed people through the clinics and commissions where a dose becomes a diagnosis, a diagnosis becomes a category and a category becomes a payment. She called the result biological citizenship: a claim on the state made through the damaged body.
What complicates it
The account is sometimes read as a story about a failing post-Soviet bureaucracy. The same sequence — harm, measurement, classification, eligibility — runs through every compensation system, including well-funded ones. What differs is how much proof the claimant has to supply before the institution starts to believe them.
Petryna, Life Exposed (2002; 2013 edition)
A map that sets a price
United States · fieldwork 2013–16
Rebecca Elliott followed the American flood-insurance programme as its maps were redrawn. A line on a map becomes a premium, the premium becomes part of a mortgage, and the mortgage becomes an argument about whether the house should have been built. The technical act of estimating a probability turns into a moral argument about who should have known.
What complicates it
The programme is easy to present as pricing catching up with reality. Elliott's householders show the other half: a premium that reflects risk accurately can still make a place unlivable for the people already in it, which is a political outcome and not a technical one.
Elliott, Underwater (2021)
When insuring a life was indecent
United States · nineteenth century
Life insurance was resisted in nineteenth-century America on the ground that it put a price on a life and made a wager of a death. Viviana Zelizer traced how the same contract was gradually recast as an act of care, until buying it became one of the things a responsible father was expected to do.
What complicates it
The case is often used to show that markets civilise what they touch. It shows something narrower: that a market can change what a transaction is understood to mean. Whether the meaning that wins is an improvement is a separate argument, and Zelizer does not settle it.
Zelizer, ‘Human Values and the Market’ (1978), reprinted in Economic Lives (2010)
Gambling as an escape from uncertainty
Las Vegas · fieldwork 1992–2007
Machine gamblers are the obvious counter-example to the idea that people avoid uncertainty. Natasha Dow Schüll found something stranger. Many of her players were not chasing the jackpot or the thrill of not knowing; they were after a steady, absorbing rhythm in which the rest of life stopped intruding. The uncertainty was the mechanism, not the goal.
What complicates it
It also complicates the opposite reading. A machine designed to produce that state is not simply meeting a demand it found; the industry engineers the rhythm deliberately, which makes the player's preference partly a product of the device.
Schüll, Addiction by Design (2012)
A number that makes you a patient
United States · pharmaceutical medicine
Joseph Dumit followed the thresholds — cholesterol, blood pressure, bone density — at which a person with no symptoms becomes someone who must be treated for years. Lowering a threshold does not change any body. It changes how many bodies are inside the category that requires action.
What complicates it
Some threshold changes prevent a great deal of harm, and the account is not an argument that they are all commercial. The point that survives is narrower and harder: where the threshold sits is a decision, and it is not one that the measurement itself can make.
Dumit, Drugs for Life (2012)
A safety measure that spread the disease
Sierra Leone · 2014–15 epidemic
Ebola makes a body most infectious at the moment its family is most obliged to wash and hold it. The first safe-burial procedures answered the epidemiology and ignored the obligation: relatives were kept away, bodies were taken in sealed bags, graves went unmarked. Families began to hide deaths, and hidden deaths spread the disease further. The procedures were later rewritten to let the family witness the burial, pray, and provide a shroud.
What complicates it
The lesson is not that the epidemiology was wrong. It is that a control which ignores an obligation people cannot abandon will be evaded, and evasion can cost more lives than the practice the control was meant to stop.
Facilitators and barriers to community acceptance of safe, dignified medical burials, Journal of Health Communication 22 (2017)
Nothing went wrong, so nothing was wrong
NASA · 1977–86
Diane Vaughan's reconstruction of the Challenger launch is the best available answer to the question of what a run of safe outcomes proves. The seal damage was seen, discussed and documented for years. Each flight that came back intact was read as evidence that the damage was tolerable, until the reading itself had become the standard.
What complicates it
Her account is often compressed into a slogan about normalised deviance, which makes it sound like carelessness. Vaughan's argument is the harder one: the engineers followed their own rules for assessing evidence, and those rules produced the conclusion. There was no moment where someone knowingly accepted a catastrophe.
Vaughan, The Challenger Launch Decision (1996)
The food was there
Bengal, Ethiopia, Sahel, Bangladesh · famines of 1943–74
Amartya Sen's argument is that starvation is a relation between people and food, not a quantity of food. A person starves when the things they can command — a wage, a crop, an animal to sell, a claim on a relative — stop being exchangeable for enough to eat. Several of the famines he examined happened without a matching collapse in the food available.
What complicates it
Later work on the Ethiopian famines found the two explanations are not exclusive: the same event can look like a collapse in supply for a region and a collapse in entitlement for its poorest households. The framework is a question to ask, not a verdict to apply.
Sen, Poverty and Famines (1981)
Positions
Arguments, and where they break
The positions a reader will meet in any bibliography on this subject, with the objection each has to survive.
Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky
Says. A society does not fear everything that could hurt it. It selects a few dangers and makes them moral, and the selection tells you about the society's own divisions rather than about the dangers.
Where it breaks Used loosely, this explains everything and therefore nothing: any difference between two societies can be attributed to culture without saying what culture did. The worry-against-experience field in part six shows the pattern the theory predicts, and still cannot say why Sweden and Somalia sit in the same corner.
Risk and Culture (1982)
Åsa Boholm
Says. There is no anthropology of risk to be had from treating culture as a black box that produces perceptions. What can be studied is the relation between a specific person, a specific object of danger and a specific setting.
Where it breaks The correction is right and it costs the field its comparisons. This atlas is an attempt to keep both: the counts are comparative, and every count is dated and tied to the ethnography a coder read.
‘The cultural nature of risk’, Ethnos 68:2 (2003)
James C. Scott
Says. A household living close to subsistence does not maximise its average return. It avoids the outcome that ends it, and will give up a good deal of average income to do so.
Where it breaks Samuel Popkin's reply is that the same village institutions can be explained by individual self-interest, without a shared moral economy. The counts here do not settle it: storage held in individual households is consistent with both readings.
The Moral Economy of the Peasant (1976)
Two teams of coders
Says. A cross-cultural code turns a shelf of ethnographies into a column of numbers that can be compared.
Where it breaks Ember and Ember and Dirks both coded famine in this sample and produced pictures of the world that are hard to reconcile. The grid in part one shows the overlap. A column of numbers inherits the question its coder asked, and that question is often not printed beside the column.
Ember & Ember 1992; Dirks 1993
The ritual-or-practical opposition
Says. Societies protect themselves either by acting on the world or by appealing to powers beyond it, and the second recedes as the first improves.
Where it breaks It is the clearest casualty of the counts on this page. Charms and washing are recorded together in almost every society where both were rated, and no society in the illness panel explains misfortune by natural causes alone. The opposition is a description of an argument in European intellectual history, not of anything the record contains.
The unasked
What nobody has coded
The comparative record answers the questions its coders happened to ask, in the decades they happened to ask them. Everything below is a question this atlas cannot answer from any dataset it could reach. It is the most useful part of the page for anyone deciding what to work on.
Words for danger No dataset here records what any of these societies called the thing being coded. Whether a language separates a danger that comes at you from one you brought on yourself — the distinction European risk theory is built on — is unrecorded for all 186.
Who inside the household bears it Every question in parts three and four treats a society, or at best a household, as one unit with one answer. Which member is sent to do the dangerous work, who eats last in a hungry season, and whose savings are spent first are not in any of these codes.
What children are taught to fear The infancy codes record what is done to protect a child. Nothing records what the child is told is dangerous, at what age, by whom, or when courage stops being a virtue and becomes recklessness.
Refusal Nothing in these files records a precaution someone declined. Yet the Ebola case turns on exactly that, and so does most of what is worth knowing about vaccination, evacuation and insurance uptake. A code that records only what was done cannot see a decision not to.
The successful non-event Storage that worked, a rite that preceded a good year, a move made in time: none of these leaves a trace distinguishable from nothing having happened. Every question on this page is easier to answer for societies that suffered than for societies that were spared.
The years after the focal date Sixty-five of the 186 societies are described before 1900 and nineteen after 1950. Nothing here says what happened to any of them afterwards — which of these arrangements survived a state, a market, a currency or a border, and which were replaced by an insurance policy.
The coders' own confidence Ember and Ember published a reliability rating beside each of their threat codes, recording how far their raters agreed. Almost no other variable used here carries one. Where a code has no reliability rating, a reader cannot tell a firm finding from a guess.
The datasets this atlas could not reach The strongest recent additions to this subject are the HRAF coded datasets on hazard ecology, disaster coping and beyond-household sharing. Their host returned a server error throughout the build and the underlying article is behind a text-mining block. A version of this page with those files would be able to ask about the predictability of a hazard, which is the question the record most obviously lacks.
Method
Method, sources and rights
This page is built from two public releases and a build that fails if any quoted number stops matching them.
Sources
Standard Cross-Cultural Sample , D-PLACE CLDF release v3.3, read on 12 September 2026. 186 societies, each at a focal date, coded by the authors named beside each question: Murdock and Morrow 1970 (subsistence and storage); Barry and Paxson 1971 (infancy); Murdock and Wilson 1972 (settlement and descent); Roberts 1976 (the evil eye); Murdock 1980 (theories of illness); Ember and Ember 1992 (threat and resource problems); Dirks 1993 (starvation and famine); Lang 1998 (food sharing). Released under CC BY-NC 4.0; this page is non-commercial. d-place.org
World Risk Poll , Lloyd's Register Foundation, harmonised four-wave release (2019, 2021, 2023 and the 2025 collection), downloaded 12 September 2026. The 2025 wave carries 143,459 interviews across 140 countries and areas. Free to use with attribution. lrfoundation.org.uk
Cases and positions cite the publisher or the DOI beside each entry. Where a claim rests on a single fieldsite, the fieldwork dates are given.
Limits
An empty cell means nobody wrote it down. It is never evidence that the answer is no, and the two grey rows under every field exist to keep that visible. The sample is dated: the middle society was described in 1915, 65 of the 186 before 1900, and only 19 after 1950. Nothing here describes any of these societies today. The codes compress ethnographies written mostly by outsiders, and a code inherits whatever the ethnographer noticed and the coder could find. Societies in the sample are not independent of one another: neighbours share histories, and a count of societies is not a count of independent observations. D-PLACE's code labels for the Ember threat variables do not line up with the descriptions that carry the original code numbers. The build reads the ordinal position instead, and asserts each one against the release's own wording. World Risk Poll country coverage changes between waves. Any comparison across waves is restricted to the 115 countries present in all four. The HRAF coded datasets on hazard ecology, disaster coping and beyond-household sharing were unreachable during the build: hrafarc.org returned a server error and the underlying article is behind a text-mining block. Their absence is the largest single limit on this page.
Marius Comper · 2026-09-12 · Non-commercial. Built from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample through D-PLACE and from the Lloyd's Register Foundation World Risk Poll.
Non-commercial. The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample is used under CC BY-NC 4.0.