Lake Baikal: the 1,642 m abyss that holds a fifth of global fresh water

Black Baikal ice at sunset, January 2016 — Black ice at sunset (30 Jan 2016, Sergey Pesterev): the panorama that opens this essay. Pressure-ridge ice off Olkhon — spectacle, not a depth or thickness survey. M29Sergey Pesterev · 30 Jan 2016 · CC BY-SA 4.0

THE FIGURES

How deep is Baikal? Two figures, both cited

The official maximum-depth figure is 1,642 m, measured by the Hydrographic Service on the 1:500,000 “Lake Baikal” chart, 1992 edition, in the central basin. The lake surface stands at 455.5 m above sea level, so the bottom drops to 1,186.5 m below the ocean surface. M01

Baikal is 25–30 million years old — the planet's oldest lake — and holds some 23,000 km³ of water, about a fifth of Earth's unfrozen surface fresh water, more than the Baltic Sea. It is the size of Belgium, and the mean shore temperature is about 6 °C. M02 M03

The lake has three basins — central (1,642 m), southern (1,446 m) and northern (903 m) — in a widening rift valley up to 79 km across. Three figures stay disputed and are footnoted everywhere in this essay: depth 1,642/1,637 m, share ~20% (other calculations give 22–23%), and the post-dam level rise. M02 M01 M06

No Baikal figure is written without a qualifier: every number carries its station, its year and its dispute. M01

THE OFFICIAL NUMBER

1,642 m, on the 1992 chart

Hydrographic Service: “Lake Baikal”, 1:500,000 — central basin. M01

The 1,642 m stand together with their chart: 1992 edition, 1:500,000, central basin. Without that sentence the number is a poster — with it, a measurement with a place and a year. M01

THE SECOND FIGURE

1,637 m, reached by Pisces

The crewed submersible reached 1,637 m SW of Cape Izhimey. M01

The deepest crewed descent — Pisces, south-west of Cape Izhimey — stopped at 1,637 m, five metres above the chart figure. The essay cites both figures; it neither averages nor chooses between them. M01

THE OLDEST

25–30 million years

No other lake is anywhere near as old. M02 M03

Baikal was born in a continental rift 25–30 million years ago and still sits there: the world's oldest lake, on a margin that keeps widening today. M02 M03

A FIFTH OF THE WORLD'S WATER

~20% of surface fresh water

~23,000 km³ — more than the Baltic Sea; other counts give 22–23%. M03 M06

The volume — some 23,000 km³ — is about a fifth of the planet's unfrozen surface fresh water, on UNESCO's rounding. Counts on other bases give 22–23%; the essay keeps “~20%” and notes the range. M03 M06

Photos and maps · credit and date on every image

Current Lake Baikal locator, with the north and south shores, Olkhon Island, Cape Khoboy, the villages of Listvyanka, Khuzhir and Baikalsk, and the approximate 1,642 m sounding zone. — OpenStreetMap geometry from the dated 2026-10-07 extract. Locator, not a nautical chart. Shorelines are merged member-way geometry from two bbox pulls; village labels are OSM relation centres, not named points. The 1,642 m sounding has no OSM object, so its marker is an approximate central-basin zone derived from verified geometry — explicitly approximate, never a surveyed point. · © OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL 1.0 M28

Lake Baikal in winter, January 2016 — Lake Baikal in winter (30 Jan 2016, Sergey Pesterev). The frozen expanse that hides 1,642 m of water — a winter vista, not a bathymetric chart. M30Sergey Pesterev · 30 Jan 2016 · CC BY-SA 4.0

Panorama of lake Baikal, January 2016 — Panorama of lake Baikal (31 Jan 2016, Sergey Pesterev; 15145 px wide). The rift lake at Belgium scale — a stitched vista, not a survey. M33Sergey Pesterev · 31 Jan 2016 · CC BY-SA 4.0

Lake Baikal from the ISS, April 2020 — Lake Baikal from orbit, ISS-62 (9 Apr 2020, NASA, public domain). The crescent rift lake — an April 2020 frame, not a current survey. M35NASA · Taken · Public domain

Depth-sounding schematic: 1,642 m on the 1992 chart, 1,637 m reached by Pisces, below the 455.5 m level. — The depth-sounding schematic is a conceptual drawing — the two figures, 1,642 and 1,637, are never averaged. The ice-season schematic shows the Jan–May months and the tracks rule, not an ice map. M01

THE ENDEMICS

What lives in Baikal and nowhere else

The nerpa (Pusa sibirica) is the only seal on Earth that lives exclusively in fresh water: it reached Baikal some two million years ago, and about 100,000 remain today. It is the lake's emblem and proof that Baikal is a miniature ocean, not an ordinary lake. M05 M06

The copepod Epischura baikalensis, 1.5 mm long, filters the lake's water tirelessly; the translucent golomyanka, viviparous and oil-rich, makes up a major share of biomass; the omul is the local salmonid, also raised in the Listvyanka museum's aquaria. M05 M06 M12

About 80% of the lake's fauna is endemic, on tertiary accounts — a working figure, not a census. The threats noted by the same accounts are pollution, mass tourism, logging and level swings. M06 M05

Baikal is not a lake with a few rare species; it is a separate world with its own rules of life. M05

THE ONLY FRESHWATER SEAL

The nerpa: ~100,000 strong

Pusa sibirica — two million years in Baikal alone. M05 M06

No other seal lives exclusively in fresh water. Baikal's nerpa, arrived some two million years ago, numbers around 100,000 head today. M05 M06

THE 1.5 MM FILTER

Epischura, the filtering copepod

Epischura baikalensis — 1.5 mm of continuous filtering. M05 M06

A millimetre-and-a-half copepod, Epischura baikalensis, filters the lake's water without pause; Baikal's legendary clarity begins here, not in adverts. M05 M06

THE GLASS FISH AND THE OMUL

Golomyanka and omul

A near-transparent viviparous fish and the lake's salmonid. M05 M06 M12

The golomyanka — translucent, viviparous, oily — holds one of the lake's great stocks of biomass; the omul, Baikal's salmonid, also swims in the museum's pumped-lake-water aquaria. M05 M06 M12

Photos and maps · credit and date on every image

Nerpa seal, Pusa sibirica, August 2022 — Nerpa seal, Pusa sibirica (14 Aug 2022, Dion Art). The only exclusively freshwater seal — a lower-resolution frame (1700 px), the best open portrait found. M38Dion Art · 14 Aug 2022 · CC BY-SA 4.0

THE ICE

February on Baikal: glass, methane and rules

Baikal's ice is famously clear: methane bubbles rising from the sediments stay trapped in it like a display case — the APOD image of 29 December 2024. The lake is a vast methane storehouse, but current seepage is “not climatologically important”. M07

The ice rings — up to 7 km across — are not made by methane but by warm under-ice eddies. They are among the lake's few phenomena visible from orbit in winter. M08

The ice holds from January to May and reaches 1–2 m thick; official roads open on it, including toward Olkhon — in February 2026 the opening was delayed. The rule is simple: marked tracks; off them, thin black ice kills. M02 M15

Baikal's ice is admired from the tracks and respected from everywhere. M15

THE METHANE DISPLAY CASE

Methane bubbles in clear ice

APOD, 29 Dec 2024: methane frozen into the lake's ice. M07

Methane rises from the lake's sediments and freezes into the clear ice like a display case. The spectacle is real, and the scientific conclusion is calm: current seepage is climatologically negligible. M07

THE 7 KM RINGS

Ice rings, not methane rings

Up to 7 km across — warm eddies under the ice. M08

The giant circles that appear on the winter ice — up to seven kilometres — are the work of warm eddies beneath, not methane. It is the correction every winter repeats. M08

THE SEASON AND THE RULE

1–2 m of ice, January to May

Official ice roads; in 2026 the Olkhon opening was delayed. M02 M15

From January to May, one-to-two-metre ice carries official roads toward Olkhon. When an opening is delayed, as in February 2026, the reason is February 2026's reason: thin ice, real risk. M02 M15

Photos and maps · credit and date on every image

Black ice of Baikal, January 2016 — Black ice of Baikal (30 Jan 2016, Sergey Pesterev). Glass-clear ice over deep water — beautiful and load-bearing only on checked tracks. M32Sergey Pesterev · 30 Jan 2016 · CC BY-SA 4.0

Ice-season schematic: January–May, 1–2 m thick, marked tracks. — The depth-sounding schematic is a conceptual drawing — the two figures, 1,642 and 1,637, are never averaged. The ice-season schematic shows the Jan–May months and the tracks rule, not an ice map. M02

OLKHON

The soul island: Olkhon, Khuzhir, Khoboy

Olkhon, 71 km long, is Baikal's largest island and its sacred heart — Buryat and shamanic — linked to the shore by ferry. Winter ice convoys and summer pilgrims both come here. M09

Khuzhir, the main village, has some 1,500 residents and the Shaman Rock on its shore. The March 2019 photograph shows it in winter dress, between village and holy stone. M09 M36

Cape Khoboy — the “fang” — is the island's northern tip, a viewpoint with an information board: in OSM it is node 1455670092, a cape and a tourism attraction with an English name and a Wikidata code. M09 M28

Olkhon is not a stop on Baikal; it is where Baikal has a soul. M09

THE SACRED HEART

71 km of holy island

Olkhon: the largest island, ferry from the shore. M09

Seventy-one kilometres of Buryat shamanic island, with a mainland ferry: Olkhon is the lake's largest island and its spiritual centre. M09

THE VILLAGE WITH THE HOLY ROCK

Khuzhir: ~1,500 residents

The main village and Shaman Rock, March 2019. M09 M36

Khuzhir, with some fifteen hundred residents, is the island's main village; on its shore stands the Shaman Rock, the holy stone in the March 2019 photograph. M09 M36

THE NORTHERN FANG

Cape Khoboy, the “fang”

A viewpoint at the northern tip; OSM node 1455670092. M09 M28

Khoboy — the “fang” — closes the island to the north: cape, viewpoint, information board. In OSM it is a verified node, not an approximation. M09 M28

Photos and maps · credit and date on every image

Ice cave on Olkhon island, January 2016 — Ice cave on Olkhon island (30 Jan 2016, Sergey Pesterev). Winter sculpts the island's shore ice into caves — a January frame, not year-round geography. M31Sergey Pesterev · Taken · CC BY-SA 4.0

Ogoy island in winter, January 2016 — Ogoy island in winter (29 Jan 2016, Sergey Pesterev). Olkhon's small neighbour under snow — a January frame. M34Sergey Pesterev · 29 · CC BY-SA 4.0

Khuzhir village and Shaman Rock, March 2019 — Khuzhir, Olkhon's main village, by Shaman Rock (4 Mar 2019, Dmitry Kolesnikov, CC BY 2.0). M36Dmitry Kolesnikov · 4 Mar 2019 · CC BY 2.0

THE MILL

Baikalsk: the mill that dirtied half a century

The Baikalsk pulp mill, started in the 1960s, discharged its effluent into the lake for some 47 years. It was shut in 2008, reopened in 2010 and closed for good in 2013 — September/December, depending on the source. M10

The legacy is lignin sludge on the waste grounds; UNESCO asked Russia to clean two of the three deposits by 2027. The dioxin file from the operating years stays open in the press. M10 M05

The successor — a plant bottling the lake's water — was closed for violations in 2019, after protests. Baikal's water is hard to sell and hard to defend. M11

Baikalsk proves even the largest clean-water reservoir can be dirtied — and that it can be stopped. M10

HALF A CENTURY

~47 years of discharges

1960s → 2013: effluent into the lake. M10

From the 1960s to 2013, with one short break, the Baikalsk plant sent effluent toward the lake: some forty-seven years of direct industrial pollution. M10

THE CLOSURE

2013: the final shutdown

Shut 2008, reopened 2010, stopped 2013. M10

Shut in 2008, politically reopened in 2010, stopped for good in 2013: the mill's timeline is also the timeline of a half-century fight for the lake. M10

THE SUCCESSOR

2019: bottling stopped

The water plant, closed for violations. M11

The plan to bottle Baikal's water — the “well of the world” — met protests and the law: the plant was closed for violations in 2019. M11

THE LEVEL

Who holds Baikal's level: the Irkutsk dam

The Irkutsk hydro plant, on the Angara, filled from 1956, and the backwater reached Baikal in autumn 1958: the mean level rose by about 0.8 m, on the study — or 1.4 m, on Wikipedia. The essay keeps “+~1 m” and notes both sources; the lake is artificially regulated today. M14 M06

Since 1988 the lake has run on dispatch schedules; large and small anomalies strike the shoreline ecology. The “natural” Baikal has been a lake with a tap for over half a century. M14

At Listvyanka, the Baikal Museum — one of three lake museums in the world — keeps aquaria on pumped lake water (omul, sturgeon, sponges, nerpa); its origins are 1928, and the Limnological Institute 1961. In winter, the Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope is likewise deployed from the ice — the frame of 29 March 2018. M12 M13 M37

Baikal has been human-regulated since 1958; the question is not whether, but how much the shores bear. M14

THE TAP

+~1 m of regulated level

0.8 m in the study, 1.4 m on Wikipedia — a range, not a figure. M14 M06

How much did the lake rise after the dam? The study says 0.8 m on average, Wikipedia 1.4 m. The essay writes “+~1 m” and keeps both figures in view: the dispute is part of the measure. M14 M06

THE YEAR OF THE TAP

1958: the backwater reaches the lake

Filling since 1956; a regulated lake since. M14

Since autumn 1958, when the Irkutsk reservoir's water reached Baikal, the lake has not set its own level. The 1988 dispatch schedules made the tap official. M14

THE MUSEUM AND THE TELESCOPE

1928 → 1961: museum and institute

Aquaria on lake water; GVD deployed from the ice. M12 M13 M37

The 1928 museum, the Limnological Institute since 1961, shows the living lake in aquaria; every winter, the Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope descends into the deep from the ice. M12 M13 M37

Photos and maps · credit and date on every image

Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope deployed from the ice, March 2018 — Deploying the Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope from the ice (29 Mar 2018, Bair Shaybonov, CC BY 4.0). Winter is the construction season in the deep. M37Bair Shaybonov · Taken · CC BY 4.0

BAIKAL 2026

February 2026: the ice, the mourning, the UNESCO file

On 20 February 2026 — Lunar New Year Day 4 — a UAZ van with eight Chinese tourists and their Russian driver left the marked tracks near Cape Sagan-Khushun, north of Olkhon, and broke through thin black ice: seven tourists and the driver died, one survivor was pulled out by rope. Among the victims was a minor. M15 M17 M18 M19

It was the second fatal crash with Chinese tourists in under a month — a 28 January rollover had killed one and injured four — and the official Olkhon ice road opened late. The survivor told Caixin how the ice broke under them. (Weak press writes “17 February”; the correct date, AFP/Caixin, is the 20th.) M15 M16

In July 2026, press reported Baikal's candidacy for the “in danger” list — pollution, mass tourism, logging, level disputes with Mongolia's dams. Decision 46 COM 7B.52 requests a Reactive Monitoring mission for summer 2026, and IUCN notes “significant concern” (11 Oct 2025). The status stays “candidate / mission requested”, not “listed in danger” — the lake has been heritage since 1996, criteria vii–x, ref. 754. M20 M21 M22 M23 M24

On the Irkutsk shore, Chinese tourism development — “not legal” hotels, bottling interest — keeps the resource tension open: the same lake is heritage and business both. M25 M11

2026 asked Baikal two questions at once: how safe its ice is, and how protected its status is. M15 M21

THE MOURNING

20 Feb 2026: eight dead on the ice

A UAZ off the tracks, near Sagan-Khushun; one survivor. M15 M17

Eight Chinese tourists and their driver left the marked tracks near Cape Sagan-Khushun; the thin black ice broke under them. Seven tourists and the driver died; one was pulled out by rope. The essay tells it as a safety lesson, not a spectacle — no victim imagery. M15 M17

THE RULE

On the tracks — always

The second fatal crash in under a month. M15 M16

On 28 January a rollover had already killed one Chinese tourist and injured four; the official Olkhon ice road opened late in 2026. The rule stays one: marked tracks, checked ice, local guides. M15 M16

THE FILE

“In danger” candidate, mission requested

Decision 46 COM 7B.52: monitoring in summer 2026. M20 M21 M22

Baikal is an “in danger” candidate — pollution, tourism, logging, dams — and UNESCO requested a monitoring mission for summer 2026. Until a new verdict, the status reads “candidate / mission requested”, never “listed”. M20 M21 M22

THE PRESSURE

+13.7% flights, “not legal” hotels

Visa-free regime since 2025; the Irkutsk shore under strain. M15 M25

The Russia–China visa-free regime (30 days, since 2025) brought 13.7% more flights; on the Irkutsk shore, Chinese “not legal” hotels and the old bottling plans keep tension high. M15 M25

Sources for this passage

Sources and limits

Annotations retain the status in the source ledger.

M01 · Baikal Web World (Irkutsk) — the 1,642 m sounding and the 455.5 m lake level
limnological reference page · official-link-unverified
http://www.bww.irk.ru/baikalinfo/baikalnumbers.html
M02 · Geographical — Baikal explainer: depth, age, ice season
popular-science explainer · official-link-unverified
https://geographical.co.uk/science-environment/geo-explainer-lake-baikal-the-lake-the-same-size-as-belgium
M03 · Helmholtz/HZG via Bioengineer — age 25–30 Myr, ~20% of fresh water
research-institute release · official-link-unverified
https://bioengineer.org/research-at-lake-baikal-for-the-protection-of-a-unique-ecosystem/
M05 · EBSCO — Lake Baikal ecology: endemics and threats
reference ecology brief · official-link-unverified
https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/environmental-sciences/lake-baikal-ecology
M06 · Wikipedia — Lake Baikal: endemism, disputed level and volume figures
tertiary summary with cited provenance · official-link-unverified
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikal
M07 · NASA APOD 29 Dec 2024 — methane bubbles frozen in Baikal ice
space-agency captioned imagery · official-link-unverified
https://science.nasa.gov/image-article/apod-2024-december-29-methane-bubbles-frozen-in-lake-baikal/
M08 · LiveScience — Baikal ice rings: warm eddies, not methane
popular-science report · official-link-unverified
https://www.livescience.com/ice-rings-lake-baikal.html
M09 · Wikipedia — Olkhon Island: 71 km, Khuzhir, Cape Khoboy
tertiary summary with cited provenance · official-link-unverified
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkhon_Island
M10 · The Ecologist 2015 — the Baikalsk mill closure and dioxins
dated environmental report · official-link-unverified
http://theecologist.org/2015/sep/17/new-dams-warming-waters-forest-fires-lake-baikal-peril
M11 · Circle of Blue 2019 — the closed Baikal bottling plant
dated water-policy report · official-link-unverified
https://www.circleofblue.org/2019/supply/water-quality/pollution/russias-controversial-lake-baikal-water-bottling-plant/
M12 · Facts and Details — the Baikal Museum at Listvyanka
place reference entry · official-link-unverified
https://factsanddetails.com/russia/Places/sub9_9e/entry-7095.html
M13 · Cotswold Outdoor — Lake Baikal guide
outdoor guide page · official-link-unverified
https://www.cotswoldoutdoor.com/lake-baikal.html
M14 · Water 2024 via NSF PAR — Irkutsk HPP raised the level ~0.8 m
peer-reviewed paper via public archive · official-link-unverified
https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10533756
M15 · Caixin Global 23 Feb 2026 — the 20 Feb drownings
dated news report · official-link-unverified
https://www.caixinglobal.com/2026-02-23/drownings-shake-chinese-enthusiasm-for-travel-to-russia-102416297.html
M16 · Caixin Global 2 Mar 2026 — survivor recounts the plunge
dated survivor interview · official-link-unverified
https://www.caixinglobal.com/2026-03-02/exclusive-survivor-recounts-fatal-plunge-in-russian-lake-102418557.html
M17 · AFP via SinoDaily 20 Feb 2026 — the ice collapse
dated wire report · official-link-unverified
https://www.sinodaily.com/afp/260220123437.kjku6g4q.html
M18 · StratNews Global — the Baikal bus accident
dated news report · official-link-unverified
https://stratnewsglobal.com/world-news/lake-baikal-bus-accident-chinese-tourists-feared-dead-after-ice-collapse/
M19 · Dimsum Daily (HK) — seven tourists dead, one survives
dated news report · official-link-unverified
https://www.dimsumdaily.hk/seven-chinese-tourists-dead-one-survives-as-minibus-falls-through-lake-baikal-ice-in-russia-driver-also-killed/
M20 · AFP via NovaNews Jul 2026 — Baikal 'in danger' candidacy
dated news report · official-link-unverified
http://novanews.co.za/un-to-list-more-sites-as-in-danger-from-conflict-or-climate-change/
M21 · WHC decision 46 COM 7B.52 — Reactive Monitoring mission requested
official UNESCO decision · official-link-unverified
https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/8578
M22 · IUCN World Heritage Outlook — Baikal 'Significant concern'
conservation outlook assessment · official-link-unverified
https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/lake-baikal
M23 · EBSCO — pollution at Lake Baikal: UNESCO/IUCN warnings
reference pollution brief · official-link-unverified
https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/environmental-sciences/pollution-lake-baikal
M24 · WHC listing 1996 via archive.org — ref 754, criteria vii–x
official listing via web archive · official-link-unverified
https://web.archive.org/web/2024/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754
M25 · Russia Business Today — Chinese tourism development on the Irkutsk shore
dated business-travel report · official-link-unverified
https://russiabusinesstoday.com/travel-and-tourism/chinese-development-tourism-in-focus-as-russia-acts-to-protects-lake-baikal/
M28 · OpenStreetMap — lake, Olkhon, Khoboy, villages
map records, locator geometry only · official-link-unverified
https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/555716 · https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2734482 · https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/1455670092 · https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/4171900 · https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13073522 · https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13043966
M29 · Commons V01 — Baikal ice on sunset
Commons original, scaffold-read metadata · official-link-unverified
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baikal%20ice%20on%20sunset.jpg
M30 · Commons V02 — Lake Baikal in winter
Commons original, scaffold-read metadata · official-link-unverified
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lake%20Baikal%20in%20winter.jpg
M31 · Commons V03 — Ice cave on Olkhon island
Commons original, scaffold-read metadata · official-link-unverified
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice%20cave%20on%20Olkhon%20island.jpg
M32 · Commons V04 — Black ice of Baikal
Commons original, scaffold-read metadata · official-link-unverified
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black%20ice%20of%20Baikal.jpg
M33 · Commons V05 — Panorama of lake Baikal
Commons original, scaffold-read metadata · official-link-unverified
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama%20of%20lake%20Baikal.jpg
M34 · Commons V06 — Ogoy island in winter
Commons original, scaffold-read metadata · official-link-unverified
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ogoy%20island%20in%20winter.jpg
M35 · Commons V07 — ISS-62 Lake Baikal, NASA
Commons original, scaffold-read metadata · official-link-unverified
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISS-62%20Lake%20Baikal%2C%20Russia.jpg
M36 · Commons V08 — Khuzhir and Shaman Rock
Commons original, scaffold-read metadata · official-link-unverified
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Khuzhir%2C%20Irkutsk%20Oblast1.jpg
M37 · Commons V09 — Baikal-GVD deployment from the ice
Commons original, scaffold-read metadata · official-link-unverified
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deployment%20of%20the%20Baikal-GVD%20neutrino%20telescope%20from%20the%20ice%20cover%20of%20Lake%20Baikal%20in%20daylight.jpg
M38 · Commons V10 — Nerpa seal, Pusa sibirica
Commons original, scaffold-read metadata · official-link-unverified
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0_-_Pusa_sibirica.jpg