Method and sources

Method and sources (D1–D10 + D13)

D1 · Wüst 2024 (S-Wuest-fulltext, PMID 38759474)

Sleep Med Rev 76:101940. Full abstract verified (eutils): k=44; one night at 2–6 h sleep opportunity; subjective sleepiness SMD=0.986; sustained attention (10-min tasks) with reaction times SMD=0.512 and lapses SMD=0.489; no significant effects on choice reaction time, cognitive throughput, working memory, or inhibitory control; duration links non-significant (sleepiness β=-0.214, ns at 0.01; attention ps>0.090). Inherited unsourced figures and MRI-stratification wordings were deleted; the slope card was contradicted by the abstract and reframed as effects. Full-text reading is optional.

D2 · Reichert 2016 adenosine review (S-Reichert-page, PMID 26861410)

Reichert et al. 2016, Biology 5(1):11 (PubMed 26861410, open-access full text): adenosine mediates sleep-pressure build-up during wakefulness → the sleepiness signal, mechanism framing only. The A1 paper's specific claims are unverified, out of the core until verified.

D3 · Horne & Reyner 1995 drowsy-driving review (S-Horne-record, PMID 7888930)

Horne & Reyner 1995, BMJ 310:565-7 (PubMed 7888930): the conclusions support the qualitative judgment that drowsy driving is dangerous; this page takes only the qualitative judgment, no numeric anchors. The sole basis of drowsy-driving warnings.

D4 · Drake 2013 timing trial (S-Drake-abs, PMID 24235903 + S-Drake-COI)

J Clin Sleep Med 9(11):1195-200. The study compared a fixed 400 mg dose with placebo at 0, 3, and 6 hours before bedtime, at home, using self-reported sleep and a portable monitor. All three timings significantly disturbed sleep relative to placebo (p<0.05); the authors reported an important effect even at six hours. The study included one experimental group. The authors disclosed a Zeo Inc investigator-initiated grant and ties to pharmaceutical companies (PMC disclosure).

D5 · Taiwan labeling rules (S-TFDA-quote)

FDA bulletin 药物食品安全週報 no. 1071 (2026/03/27, page text ?id=1612&tid=5578 verified): liquid drinks ≥20mg/100mL exact label / <20mg “20mg/100mL以下” / coffee-tea-cocoa ≤2mg “低咖啡因”; instant sachets with the per-serving total. <20 shows ≤ ceiling (MAX, not exact).

D6 · Williamson 2000 (S-Williamson-abs, PMID 10984335)

Occup Environ Med 57:649-55. Abstract verified: n=39 (30 transport + 9 army); 28 h awake vs alcohol to ~0.10%; 17–19 h (clock 22:30/01:00, at night) some tests ≥0.05%; longer → the maximum 0.10% dose (no fixed hour anchor). Correction: the earlier PMID proved to be an unrelated paper (a growth-hormone topic); the correct one is 10984335.

D7 · Arnedt 2001 (S-Arnedt-abs, PMID 11235795)

Accid Anal Prev 33:337-44. Eighteen men aged 19–35 completed a 30-minute simulated drive. For mean lane position, lane-position variability, and speed variability, changes after 18.5 and 21 hours awake were similar in magnitude to those at BAC 0.05% and 0.08%, respectively. Alcohol had larger effects on speed deviation and off-road events. The simulation had no other traffic; PubMed abstract.

When sleepiness hits, stop: swap drivers or sleep before going on.

D8 · Lamond 1999 (S-Lamond-abs, PMID 10646165)

J Sleep Res 8:255-62. Twenty-two healthy participants aged 19–26 completed four standardized tasks after up to 28 hours awake and during alcohol and placebo conditions. Depending on the task, about 20–25 hours awake produced performance decrements equivalent to those at BAC 0.10%. Results differed by task; PubMed abstract.

D9 · Dawson & Reid 1997 (S-Dawson-record, PMID 9230429)

Nature 388:235 (single-page letter, no abstract): record verified (Nature, 1997-07-17, vol. 388, p. 235). Tracking/regression details await full text (gate ii open): the card stays a “record”, with no hour anchors.

D10 · FDA caffeine consumer page (S-FDA-record)

Checked 2026-09-30: the FDA cites 400 mg a day as an amount not generally associated with negative effects for most adults. It recommends asking a health care provider whether caffeine should be limited during pregnancy, while trying to become pregnant, or while breastfeeding; the page gives no numeric threshold for these situations.

D13 · Method note

Comparative reading: unverified; this page does not rely on it.

Deleted (never cited)

D11 Taiwan insomnia page, D12 lower study: no stable sources, deleted in rev.3, the safety strip permanently number-free. The microsleep-duration claim: source blocked, deleted. The rev.1 “600mg night-shift alertness” wording: unsourced, deleted. The “18-study count”: replaced with the named inventory. GWR/amyloid/A1 specifics/glymphatic/insomnia analysis: optional editorial content, gates unpassed, outside the core.

Calculator honesty

The line is an authorized anchor (FDA paraphrase), the product milligrams are user-entered / label values, and their comparison is derived, not measured. The TW <20 tier shows ≤ ceiling.

After a sleepless night don't push it; leave big decisions until you've slept.

Method and sources