The Scheian Psalter, line by line: Psalm 23 and Psalms 1–8 in sixteenth-century Romanian

23 more pairs

A pair is two different words standing in the same place of the same verse; the same pair is counted once. Differences of form or sound (hi and fi, “to be”; tirerilorŭ and tinerilorŭ, “of the young”) are not counted, nor are words that only one of the texts has, nor pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions. “In use today” means that the dictionaries gathered on dexonline.ro give the word with the meaning it has in the psalm and without the label obsolete, regional or popular (the dictionaries' word for folk speech). A circle (°) marks a borderline pair; what the dictionaries say about each word, and why it was placed where it is, is in the JSON file below.

• aapă p. 68, l. 2waterApă, “water”, from Latin aqua; here written with a double a.
• acie p. 2, l. 13in Psalm 22:2, there; “dereptu acia”, “de acia”: therefore, for thisIn Psalm 22:2 it is the adverb that Candrea's dictionary explains as “here, on the spot”; Ciorănescu derives aci, “here”, from Latin *eccum hic. The sense “there” and the sense in dereptu acia follow from the context.
• acmu p. 5, l. 4nowA form of acum, “now”, which Scriban gives as old and Șăineanu as archaic; according to Ciorănescu, the regular outcome of Latin *eccum modo.
• adecâ p. 18, l. 6behold, lookToday's adică, “that is”; the old sense “behold” is recorded by the Academy's dictionary and by Ciorănescu. The origin is disputed: the Academy's dictionary and DEX give it as unknown, Ciorănescu starts from Latin adaeque, Scriban from ad id quod.
• adurarâ p. 3, l. 12they gatheredA aduna, “to gather”, from Latin adunare, with n turned to r.
• adurmiiu p. 7, l. 1I fell asleep; “durmiiu” means I sleptA adormi, “to fall asleep”, and a dormi, “to sleep”, with u for o; from Latin addormire and dormire. The Academy's dictionary gives the Scheian Psalter as the first attestation of a adormi.
• agiutoriul p. 6, l. 12the helper, the help; “agiută-mi” means helps meAjutor, “help”, and a ajuta, “to help”, with gi where today's Romanian has j; from Latin adjutorium and adjutare.
• ainte p. 68, l. 13before, in the face ofCandrea's dictionary explains it as “before, earlier” and derives it from Latin abante; Scriban refers to înainte, “before”.
• amu p. 16, l. 5thenToday amu is a popular word for “now”; the Academy's dictionary also gives the sense “then” as popular. From acum according to that dictionary; DEX derives it from Latin ad-modo.
• arma p. 13, l. 3weapon; in Psalm 7:13, a swordFrom Latin arma. The Academy's dictionary gives the Scheian Psalter as its first attestation. That Psalm 7:13 means a sword follows from the context.
• băgă p. 16, l. 12to put, to set downToday a băga mostly means “to thrust in”; Ciorănescu also gives the sense “to put, to set”. The origin is uncertain: the Academy's dictionary compares modern Greek βάζω, “to put”, and Ciorănescu proposes Latin bigare.
• beséreca p. 11, l. 13church; here, the templeAn old form of biserică, “church”, from Latin basilica; Scriban gives it as old and surviving in Transylvania. The sense “temple” follows from the context.
• blagoslovești p. 7, l. 16to bless; “blagoslovenie” means blessingFrom Church Slavonic blagosloviti. DEX labels it old and colloquial.
• boiarii p. 3, l. 11the chiefs, the leadersToday's boier, “boyar, nobleman”; the Academy's dictionary gives the form boiar as old and popular and records the sense “chief”. From Church Slavonic boljarinŭ according to DEX.
• calé p. 1, l. 6the wayCalea, “the way”: é stands for ea.
• cătrâ p. 4, l. 3to, towardsAn old form of către, “towards”, from Latin contra.
• ce p. 1, l. 3after a negation, “but”; elsewhere “what, which”The old form of ci, “but”: Scriban and Șăineanu give it as old, and DEX derives ci from ce. From Latin quid according to Scriban.
• chemaiu p. 6, l. 16to call out to someone, to cry for help; “chemaré” means cryFrom Latin clamare. The Academy's dictionary gives “to shout (loudly)” as the first sense and notes that in the old language the verb, sometimes followed by către, “to”, meant to ask someone to come to one's aid.
• ciasta p. 16, l. 1this, this thingAceasta, “this”, without its initial a; Ciorănescu notes the variant cest. From Latin ecce-ista according to the Academy's dictionary; Ciorănescu starts from *eccum istum.
• ciudatu p. 19, l. 4wonderful, to be marvelled atToday ciudat means “strange”; the Academy's dictionary gives the sense “miraculous” as old. From Bulgarian čudat, “wonderful”, according to that dictionary and DEX; Candrea's dictionary derives it from ciudă.
• cruntu p. 11, l. 8bloodthirsty, one who sheds bloodFrom Latin cruentus. The old sense “bloodstained” is recorded by the Academy's dictionary and DEX; today crunt mostly means “cruel, fierce”.
• cumăndare p. 9, l. 6sacrifice, offeringFrom a comânda, an old verb: “to offer sacrifices” and “to hold the funeral feast for someone”, according to the Academy's dictionary. Ciorănescu gives comândare as old, meaning “sacrifice”, and starts from Latin commendare, Vulgar Latin commandare.
• curunat p. 13, l. 4crowned; “curunat” and “cururat” have n turned to rA cununa once meant “to crown” (Scriban, the Academy's dictionary); today it means “to marry”. From Latin coronare.
• curundu p. 5, l. 16quickly, soonAn old and popular form of curând, “soon”, from Latin currendo.
• cuviințâ p. 19, l. 7“mare cuviințâ”: majestyToday's cuviință, “decorum”. The Academy's dictionary also records the sense “majesty”. From Latin convenientia according to DEX; Scriban derives it from a se cuveni, “to be fitting”.
• cuviosul p. 8, l. 14the holy one, the devout manThe Academy's dictionary also records the sense “holy”; today it mostly means “pious, devout”. From a se cuveni, “to be fitting”, with the suffix -os, according to that dictionary and DEX; Candrea's dictionary starts from a Latin *conveniosus.
• dédevăru p. 12, l. 3truthAdevăr, “truth”, from Latin verum, probably through a compound of the type *ad de verum (Ciorănescu). Here with an initial d: de-adevăr.
• delungați p. 14, l. 14go far away, departA (se) delunga, an old verb: “to move away”, in Scriban and in Candrea's dictionary. Candrea derives it from Latin de-longare; Scriban from lung, “long”.
• demâréța p. 10, l. 11in the morningDimineața, “in the morning”; in demâréța, n has turned to r. From Latin mane according to Ciorănescu; demâneață is the regular outcome, found in the 16th and 17th centuries and later changed to dimineață.
• den p. 2, l. 11from, out of; likewise “dem”, “deîn”, “diîn”The Academy's dictionary notes the variants den, deîn, diîn of din, which is made of de + în.
• depreunâ p. 3, l. 12at the same time, at once; “înpreunâ” means togetherAn old form of împreună, “together”, in Scriban; Ciorănescu finds it in the 16th and 17th centuries. According to DEX, împreună comes from în + preună. The sense “at the same time” is in the Academy's dictionary.
• derége p. 11, l. 17to make straight, to guideToday's a drege, “to mend”. The Academy's dictionary gives the sense “to guide, to direct” as old; Candrea's dictionary illustrates it with a passage from the Scheian Psalter. From Latin dirigere.
• dereptate p. 5, l. 14righteousness, justice; “dereptul” means the righteous oneThe Academy's dictionary gives dereptate as an old and regional form of dreptate, “justice”, from drept, “right, just”, with the suffix -(ăt)ate; drept comes from Latin directus.
• dereptu p. 2, l. 12for, because of; “derep-ce” means whyToday's drept, from Latin directus; Ciorănescu starts from the form *derectus and gives derept as an old variant. He also labels as old its use as a preposition meaning “for”.
• deșertu p. 7, l. 12empty, vain; “în deșertu” means in vain, without causeThe same word as today: deșert, “empty, vain”; în deșert, “in vain”. From Latin desertus.
• deștinge p. 18, l. 15comes down, descendsA deștinge, “to come down”, from Latin descendere. Ciorănescu gives it as old, of the 16th and 17th centuries.
• dodeitorii p. 6, l. 6those who trouble me; “dodeiaște” means troublesA dodei, an old verb: “to upset” (the Academy's dictionary), “to trouble, to disquiet, to press hard” (Candrea's dictionary). From Church Slavonic dodějati according to Candrea.
• dospéște p. 2, l. 7thrives, prospersToday a dospi is said of dough, “to rise”. The Academy's dictionary gives, as old and rare, the senses “to come”, “to have the upper hand”, “to prevail”. From Slavic dospĕti, “to ripen”, according to Ciorănescu; DEX derives it from Serbian dospeti.
• dracul p. 16, l. 7the enemy, the foe; “dracii” are the enemiesToday's drac, “devil”, from Latin draco, “serpent, dragon”. The dictionaries consulted give only “devil”; that an enemy is meant follows from the psalm, where dracul stands beside vrăjmașul, “the foe”.
• dulciața p. 9, l. 9good thingsFrom dulce, “sweet”, with the suffix -eață. The Academy's dictionary also gives the old senses “wealth”, “riches”; Candrea's dictionary has the plural dulceți as “good things (to eat)”.
• dzile p. 2, l. 1days; “dzuoa” means by dayDz where today's Romanian has z: zi, zile.
• e p. 4, l. 6opening a clause, “and, but”; elsewhere it is the verb “is”The sense “and, but” follows from the context; as the short form of este, “is”, the word is the same as today.
• enima p. 9, l. 2the heart; “enimile” means the heartsInimă, “heart”, with e for the initial i; the Academy's dictionary gives the form enimă as old. From Latin anima.
• enimoși p. 8, l. 9“greu enimoși”: heavy of heartFrom inimă, “heart”, with the suffix -os, according to the Academy's dictionary and DEX; Șăineanu derives it from Latin animosus. The Academy's dictionary has greu inimos as old and rare, meaning “angry”; in the verse the sense is “heavy of heart”.
• eșitul p. 2, l. 3the outflow of the water, the springIeșit, a noun from a ieși, “to go out”, which Șăineanu derives from Latin exire; the Academy's dictionary gives the noun as rare, meaning “a going out”. Scriban notes the old form es for ies. That a spring is meant follows from the context.
• fârâlége p. 10, l. 15lawlessnessToday's fărădelege, from fără + de + lege, “without law”, after Church Slavonic bezakonije. The Academy's dictionary gives the form fărăleage as old and rare.
• ferice p. 1, l. 3happy, blessed; “fericedz” is the pluralFrom Latin felix, -icis. The Academy's dictionary gives it as old, today poetic; the usual word is fericit.
• frănge p. 5, l. 3to break, to crush; “frămt-ai” means you have crushedA frânge, “to break”, from Latin frangere. The Academy's dictionary lists frămtu as an old participle, for frânt, “broken”.
• fuște p. 5, l. 2rod, staffAn old word: “club”, “staff” (the Academy's dictionary). From Latin fustis.
• gâtă p. 18, l. 2has made readyA găti, here in the form a găta; the Academy's dictionary gives the sense “to make ready” as old and popular. From gata, “ready”.
• giceré p. 16, l. 16decree, spoken wordToday's zicere, “saying”, from a zice, “to say”; Scriban and the Academy's dictionary give the form with gi as old, and the latter records the old sense “command”. It also gives the Scheian Psalter as the word's first attestation.
• giuc p. 4, l. 2“bate-ș giuc” means he mocks, makes sport ofJoc, “game”, with gi for j and u for o; from Latin jocus. A-și bate joc means “to mock”.
• giudecâ p. 5, l. 6to judge; “giudecâtorii” means the judgesA judeca, “to judge”, from Latin judicare, with gi where today's Romanian has j. The Academy's dictionary gives the Scheian Psalter as the first attestation of a judeca and of judecător, “judge”.
• giudeț p. 2, l. 14judgementToday județ is an administrative county; the Academy's dictionary gives the sense “judgement” as old. From Latin judicium; gi stands for j.
• giunghiiați p. 9, l. 5sacrifice, offer upA junghia, today mostly a înjunghia, “to stab”, from Latin jugulare; gi stands for j. Ciorănescu also gives the sense “to sacrifice”.
• giurul p. 7, l. 7“pre giurul mieu”: round about meToday's jur, as in în jur, “around”, with gi for j. Most dictionaries derive it from Latin gyrus; Ciorănescu considers the origin uncertain.
• gonitorii p. 15, l. 12the persecutors; in Psalm 22:6, “gonéște-me” means follows meFrom Church Slavonic goniti. The Academy's dictionary gives “to chase” as the first sense and “to persecute” as an old one.
• gotovit p. 68, l. 12you have preparedA gotovi, “to prepare”, from Church Slavonic gotoviti. The Academy's dictionary gives it as old and rare.
• grâirâ p. 4, l. 3they said, they spoke; “graiurele” means the wordsAccording to the Academy's dictionary and DEX, grai comes from a grăi, “to speak”, a verb from Serbian (grájati); Scriban derives it directly from Church Slavonic graĭ. The Academy's dictionary gives the sense “word” as old and notes the form graiure.
• grumadzul p. 12, l. 6the throatToday's grumaz, “neck, nape”; the sense “throat” is given as rare by the Academy's dictionary and as old by Șăineanu. The origin is disputed: the Academy's dictionary and DEX compare Albanian, Ciorănescu starts from Latin gruma. Dz stands for z.
• hăclianu p. 10, l. 17deceitful, wickedDEX gives hiclean as an old variant of viclean, “cunning, deceitful”, from Hungarian hitlen; the Academy's dictionary also notes the variant hăclean, as regional. DEX gives the sense “wicked, cruel” as popular.
• hi p. 2, l. 2to be: “hi-va” means will beFi, “to be”, with h for f; the Academy's dictionary and Scriban give the form hi as popular. From Latin fieri according to Șăineanu.
• iale p. 68, l. 11theyToday's ele, “they” (feminine). The Academy's dictionary notes the pronunciations iel, ia for el, ea, “he, she”; according to the same dictionary, ea comes from Latin illa.
• iaste p. 7, l. 14isAn old form of este, “is”; the Academy's dictionary lists it among the old forms of a fi, “to be”.
• împrumuta p. 16, l. 3here: to pay back (evil), to repayFrom împrumut, “loan”, according to the Academy's dictionary and CADE; DEX gives Latin *impromutare or împrumut. The dictionaries consulted do not give it the sense “to repay”, which the psalm requires here; today it means “to lend, to borrow”.
• înblă p. 20, l. 15go about, travelAn old form of a umbla, “to walk, to go”, from Latin ambulare; the Academy's dictionary gives the variant in îm- as old and regional.
• începu p. 18, l. 7conceivedA începe, “to begin”, from Latin incipere. The old sense “to conceive” is recorded by the Academy's dictionary; according to Ciorănescu it shows a confusion between Latin incipere and concipere.
• încetirâ-se p. 3, l. 6banded together in revolt; according to Scriban, murmuredA se înceti, from în + ceată, “band, troop”. The Academy's dictionary gives the Scheian Psalter as its first attestation, with the senses “to join someone's band” and “to unite in a revolt”; Scriban quotes this very verse.
• închiru-mâ p. 11, l. 12I bow down, I worshipA închina, “to bow”, from Latin inclinare, with n turned to r.
• încinde p. 5, l. 15to be kindledThe old form of a încinge, “to kindle, to catch fire”, from Latin incendere (Șăineanu, Scriban, Ciorănescu).
• înfricu-me p. 68, l. 8I am afraidA (se) înfrica, from în- + frică, “fear”; old and popular according to the Academy's dictionary. Today's verb is a se înfricoșa, “to take fright”.
• înpârații p. 3, l. 10emperors; in the Psalms, kingsFrom Latin imperator.
• înrălțaria p. 6, l. 13the lifting up: the one who lifts up my headÎnălțare, from a înălța, “to raise” (Latin *inaltiare), with n turned to nr. The Academy's dictionary gives the Scheian Psalter as the word's first attestation.
• îns p. 4, l. 3him, them: “spre îns” means in him; “de la densu”, by himÎns, from Latin ipsus (= ipse), “himself”; hence dânsul (de + însul) and într-însul. According to Ciorănescu, its use as a personal pronoun after prepositions is old.
• între p. 12, l. 1before, in front of: “între tine” means before youThe Academy's dictionary has an old între, “in front of”, from Latin ante, distinct from today's între, “between” (Latin inter). According to Ciorănescu the two were confused, and the sense “in someone's presence” was in use until the seventeenth century.
• învațâse p. 1, l. 10to school oneself, to practise; in Psalm 2:1, to ponderA învăța, “to learn, to teach”, from Latin *invitiare. Its first sense in the dictionaries is “to accustom (oneself), to train”; the sense “to ponder” is not in those consulted.
• învie p. 2, l. 13to rise, to arise; “Învie, Doamne” means Arise, LordA învia, “to come back to life”, in its old form a învie. The dictionaries have it as “to rise from the dead”; the Psalter of 1577 has Scoalâ, “Arise”, at the same place. Origin: în- + Latin vivere according to the Academy's dictionary and Ciorănescu; în + viu, “alive”, according to DEX.
• ispititoriu p. 17, l. 10the one who searches, who triesFrom a ispiti, from Church Slavonic ispytati. The Academy's dictionary gives the sense “to examine closely, to search” as old; today a ispiti means “to tempt”.
• ispovedescu p. 14, l. 4to confess; in Psalm 7:18, to give praise, to thankToday's a (se) spovedi, “to confess”; Ciorănescu gives the variants with i- as old. According to Scriban, from the older ispovedesc, “I confess, I declare”, from Church Slavonic ispovĭedati, “to declare”. The sense “to give praise” follows from the context.
• isprăvéște p. 17, l. 9set straightToday a isprăvi means “to finish”. The Academy's dictionary and Scriban give the sense “to set right, to correct” as old. From Church Slavonic ispraviti, “to set right”.
• ivéște p. 9, l. 8shows, brings to lightToday's a se ivi, “to appear”. With an object, “to bring to light, to show”, it is given as old by the Academy's dictionary and by Ciorănescu. From Church Slavonic javiti, “to show”.
• izbăvéște p. 13, l. 16to deliver, to rescueFrom Church Slavonic izbaviti. DEX gives it as popular: to save from a danger.
• lau p. 14, l. 7I wash, I drenchA la, “to wash”, from Latin lavare. The Academy's dictionary gives it as old and popular and notes the old sense “to wet”. According to Ciorănescu, it seems to have lost ground to a spăla from the 16th century on.
• legâtorile p. 3, l. 14the bondsFrom a lega, “to bind”, with the suffix -tor. The Academy's dictionary has legătoare as a thing with which something is bound; Scriban: a cord, rope or chain that keeps something tied.
• lemnul p. 2, l. 2the treeFrom Latin lignum; today lemn means “wood”. The Academy's dictionary gives the sense “tree” as old and rare; according to Ciorănescu it is also found in late Latin.
• lépedzi p. 3, l. 15to cast off, to drive out: cast them out, drive them awayA lepăda, “to cast off”. The origin is disputed: Ciorănescu and Scriban trace it to Latin lapidare, the Academy's dictionary gives that only as probable, and Șăineanu calls the origin unknown.
• limbile p. 3, l. 7the nations, the peoples; in Psalm 5:11, tonguesFrom Latin lingua; today limbă means “tongue, language”. The sense “people, nation” is given as old by Ciorănescu and as old and popular by Scriban.
• lucrați p. 5, l. 8serve; “lucrâtorii fărâ lége” are the workers of lawlessnessToday's a lucra, “to work”. From Latin lucrare, “to gain”, according to Ciorănescu; Candrea's dictionary starts from lucubrare. The dictionaries consulted do not have the sense “to serve”; the Psalter of 1577 has Slujiți, “Serve”, at the same place.
• luo p. 5, l. 11“se luo”: was lifted up; “luoați” means takeA lua, “to take”, from Latin levare, “to raise” (Scriban). The Academy's dictionary gives the sense “to move upwards” as old, and “to lift up” as old and rare.
• lura p. 19, l. 16the moonLuna, “the moon”, from Latin luna, with n turned to r.
• mâgurâ p. 4, l. 8mountainToday's măgură, a large isolated hill; by extension, a mountain (DEX). The origin is disputed: the Academy's dictionary and DEX compare Albanian (magulë in DEX), Ciorănescu considers it an expressive creation, Scriban starts from a Gepid word.
• măntuiaște p. 6, l. 10to save, to deliver; “măntuiria” is salvationA mântui, “to save”, from Hungarian (menteni according to DEX and Ciorănescu; ment according to the Academy's dictionary). The Academy's dictionary marks the sense “to save from a danger” as old and popular.
• măre p. 16, l. 7let him pursueA mâna, “to drive”, with n turned to r. Ciorănescu gives the sense “to pursue” as old. From Latin minari, “to threaten”.
• măriia p. 6, l. 13gloryDEX labels it old and derives it from mare, “great”, with the suffix -ie; the Academy's dictionary starts from mări + -ie and records the sense “glory” as a church term. It is the word in Măria Sa, a form of address for a ruler.
• măriloru p. 16, l. 2of the hands; “măna” means the handMână, “hand”, from Latin manus; in măriloru, n has turned to r.
• mătorâ p. 2, l. 10sweeps awayA mătura, “to sweep”, from mătură, “broom”. The Academy's dictionary gives, of wind or water, the senses “to clear out of the way” and “to carry along”.
• menciuni p. 8, l. 12liesMinciuni, “lies”, with e for i: the Academy's dictionary and Scriban give the form menciună as old. From Latin mentio, -onis according to the Academy's dictionary and DEX; Scriban derives it from a minți, “to lie”.
• mene p. 4, l. 11me; likewise “mere”, with n turned to rMine, “me”: the Academy's dictionary gives mene as an old form; in mere, n has turned to r. According to Ciorănescu, from Latin me, in a compound that is not fully clear.
• mente p. 10, l. 6“ia mente”: give heedMinte, “mind”, from Latin mens, -tis; the Academy's dictionary gives the form mente as old. Aminte, as in a lua aminte, “to take heed”, comes from minte.
• mérseru p. 68, l. 7“se mérseru” means if I should walkAn old form of the verb a merge, “to go”, from Latin mergere, “to sink”; se here means “if”.
• meseréré p. 68, l. 17mercyScriban has it as a 16th-century word, “mercy”, from Latin miserere, “to have pity”.
• miluiaște p. 8, l. 5to have mercy: “miluiaște-mâ” means have mercy on meA milui, “to have mercy on”, from Church Slavonic milovati.
• milustineei p. 11, l. 10mercyToday milostenie means “alms”; DEX gives the sense “mercy” as old, the Academy's dictionary as old and popular. From Church Slavonic milostinija.
• milustiviți p. 9, l. 4humble yourselves, be contriteToday's a se milostivi, “to take pity”, from milostiv, a Church Slavonic word. The Academy's dictionary gives, as old and rare, the sense “to humble oneself”.
• minurâ p. 8, l. 13made wonderful; “miruratu” means wonderfulA minuna, from minune, “wonder”, with n turned to r. The Academy's dictionary gives as old the sense “to make wonderful”, with God as the subject.
• mulția p. 11, l. 10the abundance, the multitudeMulție, from mult, “much”, with the suffix -ie; the Academy's dictionary and Scriban give it as old, meaning “multitude”.
• necurații p. 1, l. 5the ungodly; “necurâție” is wickednessFrom ne-, “un-”, + curat, “clean”. The Academy's dictionary records the old senses “one who does not believe in God” and “sinner”; today the word mostly means “dirty”.
• nedejdui p. 5, l. 17to hope, to put one's trust; “nedéjde” is hopeToday's a nădăjdui, “to hope”, from nădejde, “hope”, a Slavic word (nadežda). The old construction with spre or la, as here, is recorded by the Academy's dictionary.
• nemică p. 67, l. 16nothingThe old form of nimic, “nothing”, from Latin ne mica, “not a crumb”.
• nice p. 2, l. 14nor, neitherOld forms of nici, “nor”, from Latin neque.
• nișchitu p. 20, l. 5a little: “cu nișchitu ceva” means by a littleAn old word (neșcât), from Latin nescio quantus, “I know not how much”. According to Scriban, its diminutive nișchițel gave today's nițel, “a little”.
• no p. 2, l. 8not, noAn old form of nu, “not”, from Latin non.
• nturéreci p. 7, l. 5tens of thousands, a countless hostToday's întuneric, “darkness”, from Latin tenebricus, with n turned to r. The old sense “a very great number” is in the Academy's dictionary; Scriban also gives “ten thousand” and explains it by Church Slavonic tĭma.
• nuao p. 9, l. 9to us, for usAn old form of nouă, “to us”, the dative of noi, “we”; from Latin nobis according to Ciorănescu.
• oblici p. 13, l. 7to rebukeFrom Church Slavonic obličiti. The Academy's dictionary gives as old the senses “to prove”, “to rebuke” and “to punish”.
• ocinele p. 4, l. 15inheritance, ancestral landOcină, “inherited land”, from Church Slavonic otĭčina. An old word: Scriban glosses it “inheritance” and “ancestral estate”.
• pâdure p. 6, l. 17here, the mountain: “from his holy mountain”Pădure, “forest”, from Vulgar Latin padulem (for paludem, “marsh”). The Academy's dictionary also gives it an old sense, “a large hill or mountain”; the Psalter of 1577 has mâgura, “the hill, the mountain”, at the same place.
• pârâ p. 8, l. 8until: “pârâ căndu” means how longPână, “until”, with n turned to r; probably from Latin paene ad.
• pârău p. 18, l. 9here: a pit, a ditchToday's pârâu, “brook”. The Academy's dictionary also has the sense “ditch cut by water”, but not “pit”. The origin is disputed: most dictionaries point to Albanian përrua, Ciorănescu to Slavic (Bulgarian) poroj.
• pășiure p. 68, l. 1pasturePășune, “pasture”, from Latin pastio, -onis, with n turned to r.
• pedepsi p. 13, l. 9to chasten, to disciplineFrom Greek: modern Greek epédepsa, the aorist of pedévo, according to DEX; medieval Greek according to Ciorănescu. The old sense “to teach, to instruct, to discipline” is recorded by the Academy's dictionary and by Ciorănescu; today it means “to punish”.
• pestre p. 19, l. 6over, uponOld forms of peste, “over”: the Academy's dictionary gives it as pre + spre, and Ciorănescu traces it to Latin per super, directly or through pre spre.
• pierdzâtorilor p. 1, l. 8the destroyers, those who lead others to ruinFrom a pierde, “to lose, to destroy”, with the suffix -ător; dz stands for z. The Academy's dictionary has the old church sense “leading to damnation and the loss of eternal life”.
• piere p. 3, l. 2to perish; “pierdzi” means you destroyA pieri, “to perish”, from Latin perire, and a pierde, “to lose”, from Latin perdere. The Academy's dictionary records for a pierde the church sense “to kill, to destroy”.
• plécă p. 11, l. 15here: to guide, to leadA pleca, from Latin plicare, “to bend”. The dictionaries consulted have it as “to bend, to bow” and “to set off”; the sense “to guide”, which the psalm requires here, is not in them.
• pre p. 1, l. 6on, upon; “pre nedéjde” means in hopeThe old form of pe, “on”. From Latin per according to Scriban and Șăineanu; the Academy's dictionary gives super and per.
• pulberia p. 2, l. 10dustPulbere, “dust, powder”, from Latin pulvis, -veris.
• raintia p. 3, l. 9before, in the presence of; “înrainte stâturâ” means they stood forthOld forms of înainte, “before”, with r or nr in place of n; from Latin *in ab ante.
• rămâ p. 18, l. 9scraped out, dugA râma, “to root, to grub”, from Latin rimare. The Academy's dictionary gives first the sense “to dig (the ground)”; today it is said mostly of pigs rooting.
• râpascâ p. 15, l. 14seize, snatch awayA răpi, “to seize”, from Latin rapire (= rapere).
• râpaus p. 9, l. 17I rest; “aapă răposată” is water of rest, still waterToday's a răposa, from Latin repausare. The old sense “to rest” is recorded by the Academy's dictionary and by Ciorănescu; today the verb means “to die”.
• rostul p. 12, l. 2the mouthFrom Latin rostrum, “beak”. “Mouth” is the old sense (Ciorănescu; old and regional in the Academy's dictionary); today rost mostly means “sense, order”.
• săbor p. 16, l. 17assembly, gatheringToday's sobor, from Church Slavonic sŭborŭ. The old sense “a crowd of people gathered together” is recorded by the Academy's dictionary; today it mostly means a gathering of clergy.
• șălarâ p. 12, l. 7they deceivedToday's a înșela, “to deceive”; here without în-. The origin is disputed: the Academy's dictionary separates it from a înșela “to saddle” and derives it from Church Slavonic (мъшелъ); DEX, CADE and Șăineanu tie it to șa, “saddle”, Latin in-sellare.
• sălâșluitu p. 10, l. 2you have settled me, made me dwellA sălășlui, “to dwell, to settle”, from Hungarian szállásolni.
• sămnâ-se p. 9, l. 10has been marked, set as a signAn old form of a semna, which used to mean “to mark” (the Academy's dictionary, Scriban); today it means “to sign”. The Academy's dictionary derives it from semn, “sign”; Scriban from semn or Latin signare; Șăineanu from signare.
• sâmtu p. 4, l. 7I amAn old form of sunt, “I am”, from a fi, “to be”; the Academy's dictionary lists it among the old forms.
• scafa p. 68, l. 16the cupScafă, “bowl, cup”, from Greek (modern Greek skáfi according to DEX). “Cup” is the old sense, recorded by the Academy's dictionary and by Ciorănescu; Scriban refers to the Scheian Psalter.
• scrăbi p. 8, l. 4troubles, distressToday's scârbă, from Church Slavonic skrŭbĭ. The old sense was “sorrow, trouble, torment” (the Academy's dictionary, Ciorănescu); today the word means “disgust”.
• se p. 2, l. 7mostly să, “that, to”; in Psalms 7:4–5 and 22:4, “if”; otherwise reflexiveThe old form of să, from Latin si, “if”. “If” is the old sense; according to Ciorănescu it died out in the seventeenth century.
• șederile p. 1, l. 8the places where they sit, the assemblyȘedere, from a ședea, “to sit” (Latin sedere). The Academy's dictionary gives as old the senses “place reserved for someone to sit” and “sitting, session”.
• sfiiascâ-se p. 15, l. 2let them be ashamedA se sfii, from Church Slavonic svĕniti sę. Today it means “to hold back out of shyness or fear”; the Academy's dictionary also has the sense “to be afraid”.
• sfrășit p. 4, l. 17“sfrășit-ai” means you have perfected; “sfrășitul” is the end, the edgeToday's a sfârși, “to end”, and sfârșit, “end”, Church Slavonic words. The Academy's dictionary has the old sense “to accomplish” for the verb and “accomplished, perfect” for the adjective; Scriban gives sfârșitul pământului, “the end of the earth”.
• smenti p. 4, l. 5to trouble, to be troubledThe old form of a sminti, from Church Slavonic sŭmensti (DEX). “To trouble” is the first sense in Ciorănescu and Scriban, and Șăineanu gives it as old; today the verb mostly means “to drive mad”.
• socotéște p. 8, l. 11in Psalm 5:2, to give heed; in Psalm 4:3, to seekA socoti, today “to reckon”. The Academy's dictionary has the senses “to take into account” and “to seek”. The origin is disputed: Latin *succutere in that dictionary, Hungarian szokotálni in Scriban and Șăineanu; Ciorănescu calls it uncertain.
• spărseși p. 19, l. 13you destroyed, you brokeA sparge, “to break”, from Latin spargere, “to scatter”. Scriban and Ciorănescu also have the senses “to destroy, to wipe out”.
• spre p. 3, l. 13upon, over; with “to hope”, in; in Psalms 2:2 and 3:2, againstFrom Latin super (the Academy's dictionary, Ciorănescu); Scriban starts from supra. Scriban gives as old the senses “on, above” and “against”, and the construction am nădejde spre Dumnezeu, “I hope in God”. Today spre means “towards”.
• spurcăciune p. 11, l. 9an abominationFrom a spurca, “to defile”, with the suffix -ăciune, according to the Academy's dictionary and DEX; Scriban traces it to Latin spurcatio, -onis. The Academy's dictionary has the figurative sense “a deed against religious or moral precepts”.
• stratul p. 9, l. 3bedFrom Latin stratum. “Bed, bedding” is the old sense (Scriban; old and regional in the Academy's dictionary); today strat mostly means “layer”.
• sugătoriloru p. 19, l. 10sucklings, babes at the breastFrom a suge, “to suck”, with the suffix -ător. In the sense “suckling” it is old and popular, according to the Academy's dictionary.
• tinsu p. 8, l. 5you stretched out, you made roomA tinde, today “to tend”, from Latin tendere. In the sense “to stretch out” it is old and popular, according to the Academy's dictionary; today's word is a întinde.
• ținuturile p. 4, l. 16possession, holdingsȚinut, from a ține, “to hold” (Latin tenere). The Academy's dictionary has the old senses “right to dispose of something” and “dominion”; Șăineanu: “possession and land possessed”. Today it means “region”.
• tire p. 10, l. 10you (as object or after a preposition)Tine, with n turned to r.
• tirereiloru p. 19, l. 10infants, little childrenTinerel, from tânăr, “young”, with the suffix -el, and with n turned to r. The old sense “child” is recorded by the Academy's dictionary.
• țirut p. 68, l. 17strong, mightyȚinut, an adjective from a ține, “to hold” (Latin tenere), with n turned to r. The Academy's dictionary gives it, as old and rare, the sense “strong”.
• toiagul p. 68, l. 10staffFrom Church Slavonic tojagŭ. According to Scriban the Slavonic word comes from Turkish (toĭaka); Ciorănescu too says it seems an oriental word.
• untu p. 9, l. 14oilFrom Latin unctum. Scriban, Șăineanu and CADE also have the sense “oil” (unt de migdale, “almond oil”); hence untdelemn, olive oil. Today unt means “butter”.
• urdzitu p. 19, l. 17you have founded, madeA urzi, “to warp, to weave”, from Latin ordire (= ordiri); dz stands for z. Scriban gives “to found” as an old sense and Ciorănescu has “to create, to make”; today the verb belongs to weaving and to plotting.
• urgiia p. 4, l. 5wrathFrom Vulgar Latin *orgia (the Academy's dictionary), itself, according to Scriban and Ciorănescu, from Greek orgé, “fury”. The Academy's dictionary marks the sense “violent anger” as old and popular.
• usteniiu p. 14, l. 5I have grown wearyToday's a osteni, “to tire”; the Academy's dictionary lists the form in us- as old and regional. That dictionary and DEX derive it from Church Slavonic (ustanon); Ciorănescu calls the origin doubtful but probably Slavic.
• vasele p. 5, l. 3vessels; in Psalm 7:14, “vasele morției” are the instruments of deathFrom Latin vasum. The dictionaries consulted do not give it the sense “instrument, tool” that the psalm requires here.
• vătâmaș p. 7, l. 10you have struck, woundedA vătăma, “to harm”, from Latin victimare, “to sacrifice”. The dictionaries have it as “to wound, to harm the body”; Ciorănescu notes that in Aromanian, the Romance language of the southern Balkans closest to Romanian, it means “to kill”.
• vechiiu p. 14, l. 12I have grown oldThe verb a vechi, “to grow old”, old and regional according to the Academy's dictionary; from vechi, “old”, Latin veclus (vetulus). Today's verb is a se învechi, said mostly of things.
• vendecă p. 13, l. 11healA vindeca, “to heal”, from Latin vindicare, “to avenge”; the Academy's dictionary gives the form in ven- as old.
• vietoriul p. 3, l. 17he who lives, who dwells (in the heavens)From a via, “to live” (rare today), with the suffix -tor. The Academy's dictionary gives this very place in the Scheian Psalter as its first attestation and notes that vietoriul la ceruri means God.
• voe p. 13, l. 4“bunâ voe” means good will, favourVoie, “will”, from Church Slavonic volĭa. Ciorănescu also has the old sense “favour”.
• vrâjbitorii p. 7, l. 11those who are my enemiesFrom a vrăjbi, a verb made from vrajbă, “enmity”, a Church Slavonic word (vražĭda). Scriban gives the verb as “to be an enemy to” and refers to the Scheian Psalter; in Ciorănescu (în)vrăjbitor is “instigator”.
• vuru p. 2, l. 13will: “nu vuru învie” means they will not riseAn old form of vor, “they will”, from a vrea, “to want”, Latin volere.
• zgâurele p. 17, l. 12the inward parts (in the verse: the reins, the kidneys)Zgău, an old word: “belly, entrails” (Scriban, referring to the Scheian Psalter), “womb” (the Academy's dictionary). Origin: unknown according to the Academy's dictionary and DEX; Latin cavum according to Ciorănescu.

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