BEIJING · 1676 · THREE CALENDARS
Compare a mission to the Qing court across three calendars, then explore projects about places, records and China–Romania ties.
Choose a date and compare how it appears in the embassy report and the Qing calendar.
Three dates for one embassy
At Beijing, Russia used the Julian calendar while the Qing court used a lunar calendar. The conversions below are documented in the embassy project.
EVENT
The embassy report describes the tsar’s letter arriving on a yellow-covered table. For this day, the project aligns the Julian date, its Gregorian conversion and the date in the Qing chronicle.
This entry follows the embassy report and the Kangxi reign chronicle; the records do not preserve the same level of detail.
Open the source project
The tsar’s envoy to the Kangxi Emperor was a Moldavian boyar. The embassy’s report and the Qing court record, set side by side day by day along a Kangxi-period painted scroll of Beijing: who laid the letter on the table, how the envoy bowed, and why he left without a reply.
Open the source project
The People's Daily named Romania in 16,793 articles between 1946 and 2025. Their month-by-month chart has two peaks, 1971 and 1978, and one almost empty year, 1968. Every year has its card, with three headlines printed in Beijing, in Chinese and in translation. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
The embassy report runs to more than 100 pages; Kangxi’s reign chronicle preserves four entries about the entire mission. This comparison shows which records survive, not everything said at court.
Browse every China projectThe embassy report spans more than 100 pages in the edition used by the project. Kangxi’s official reign chronicle preserves four entries about the entire mission. Read each account within its limits.
Open the source project
The tsar’s envoy to the Kangxi Emperor was a Moldavian boyar. The embassy’s report and the Qing court record, set side by side day by day along a Kangxi-period painted scroll of Beijing: who laid the letter on the table, how the envoy bowed, and why he left without a reply.
Open the source project
The People's Daily named Romania in 16,793 articles between 1946 and 2025. Their month-by-month chart has two peaks, 1971 and 1978, and one almost empty year, 1968. Every year has its card, with three headlines printed in Beijing, in Chinese and in translation. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Open the source project
197 Chinese country names, searched for in 1,991,747 articles of the People's Daily, the newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party. Pick a country and a year: how many articles mention it, where it ranks, and its curve month by month. The United States goes from 6,235 articles in 1965 to 787 in 2024. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Qinghai Lake, the Yangtze, Beijing and river names pose questions at different scales. The collection sets them beside projects about journeys, language and cultural exchange.
Open the source project
Qinghai Lake measured 4,650.08 km² in September 2024, after two decades of growth. What satellites show, and what happened to its birds, its fish and its shores. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Open the source project
A Chinese handscroll 16.57 m long, painted under the Song dynasty, shows the Yangtze with 240 names written in red. Unrolled from the mountains to the sea, beside what is there today: the Three Gorges, the dam, 1,426 porpoises, ten years without commercial fishing. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Open the source project
Beijing's Line 2 follows the former inner-city enclosure corridor, and several stations carry the old gates' names. Ride all 18 stops — 8 inner-gate names, 3 later openings, 7 without a counterpart — then compare Liang Sicheng's unbuilt wall-top park with the 1952–1970 demolitions and count what remains: 2 gate sites, 3 towers, wall fragments.
Open the source project
Turn a globe of the Moon and watch the dark seas almost disappear: they cover 30% of the near side and 2% of the far side. With a map of crust thickness, the South Pole–Aitken basin, the places where Chang’e 4 and Chang’e 6 landed, and what the first samples brought back from there say.
Open the source project
How high Everest is and what the height is measured from: the five published heights from 1856 to 2020 drawn to scale on the last metres of the summit, then the Nepal route, the Tibetan side, the river that lifts the mountain and the sea the metres are counted from. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Films, books, games, food and words leave different records. Some projects verify an edition or a screening date; others compare forms without treating China as a uniform culture.
Open the source project
Between 1950 and 1992 at least 68 Romanian feature films were dubbed or shown in China. Each is listed with its Chinese and Romanian titles, the year it opened in Romania, the year and studio of its Chinese dubbing, and its sources. One 1955 spy film had six million admissions in China by 1958, according to the People's Daily. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Open the source project
Browse 28 verified Chinese-language editions of books by writers connected with Romania, with publishers, years, ISBNs and catalogue links. Five more records still need translation details confirmed.
Open the source project
Chess and xiangqi set out the same army: chariot, horse, elephant, counsellor, king. Pick a piece and see its move on three boards: shatranj, the medieval game, chess today and xiangqi. The medieval bishop reached 8 of 64 squares; the xiangqi elephant reaches 7 of 90 points. With the names of the pieces in 31 languages and a ten-move quiz. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Open the source project
Where Romanian farfurie, “plate”, comes from: Ottoman farfuri, “porcelain”, and before it Persian faghfūr, the title given to the emperor of China. Turn a Ming dish to see the word’s seven forms, from 天子 to farfurie, each with its source. With the Chinese province that dictionaries invented, the map of the routes and the Topkapı collection.
Open the source project
The sky gives the year four fixed points: two solstices and two equinoxes. People decided the rest: two seasons in Iceland’s old calendar, three in ancient Egypt, six in India, 24 solar terms in China and 72 in Japan’s old almanac. The page draws 21 calendars as rings of one year, shows why there are seasons at all, where the four words come from in 64 languages, and what the oldest text found says for eighteen stories about the turning year.
Visa rules, trade and public statements change. Their pages retain a date and source, and Taiwan is identified separately where it appears.
Open the source project
Follow 11 milestones in Romania–China relations, from diplomatic recognition in 1949 to consultations in 2024. Each entry links to documents and sources; bilateral trade is covered separately.
Open the source project
Compare Romania and China by local time, exchange rates, ten World Bank indicators, bilateral trade and the distance between their capitals. Each figure includes its source and year.
Open the source project
Chinese passport holders can check where to apply and which documents to prepare for a trip to Romania. The guide follows the EU’s harmonised list for China and reflects Romania’s Schengen membership since 1 January 2025.
Open the source project
The full text of the declaration, its 25 signatories on a map through time, the eight layers of the technology chain and what has been announced or launched in each, with every claim tied to its source.
Open the source project
A supervisory file shows what changes when decision rights move closer to where information appears.
Open the source project
How China- and India-nexus cyberespionage actors reached the same Pakistani police servers and converged on Balochistan Police.
Open the source project
Compare tuition and admission conditions at four Romanian medical schools with English-language programmes. The guide explains how to check accreditation, diploma recognition and the steps Chinese graduates may need for licensing in China.
China · 35 projects
Projects about China’s places, records and exchanges, plus a few documented China cases in other fields; Taiwan remains separately identified.
35 projects
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Calendars and seasons
The sky gives the year four fixed points: two solstices and two equinoxes. People decided the rest: two seasons in Iceland’s old calendar, three in ancient Egypt, six in India, 24 solar terms in China and 72 in Japan’s old almanac. The page draws 21 calendars as rings of one year, shows why there are seasons at all, where the four words come from in 64 languages, and what the oldest text found says for eighteen stories about the turning year.
The Himalaya and borders
How high Everest is and what the height is measured from: the five published heights from 1856 to 2020 drawn to scale on the last metres of the summit, then the Nepal route, the Tibetan side, the river that lifts the mountain and the sea the metres are counted from. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Places and waters
Qinghai Lake measured 4,650.08 km² in September 2024, after two decades of growth. What satellites show, and what happened to its birds, its fish and its shores. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Places and waters
A Chinese handscroll 16.57 m long, painted under the Song dynasty, shows the Yangtze with 240 names written in red. Unrolled from the mountains to the sea, beside what is there today: the Three Gorges, the dam, 1,426 porpoises, ten years without commercial fishing. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Press and records
197 Chinese country names, searched for in 1,991,747 articles of the People's Daily, the newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party. Pick a country and a year: how many articles mention it, where it ranks, and its curve month by month. The United States goes from 6,235 articles in 1965 to 787 in 2024. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Press and records
All 365 issues of the People's Daily for 1989, with the 729 news items on Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania: the page, the length and the headline of each. The opening of the Berlin Wall is 554 characters on page 4, without the word “wall”. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Cultural exchange
Between 1950 and 1992 at least 68 Romanian feature films were dubbed or shown in China. Each is listed with its Chinese and Romanian titles, the year it opened in Romania, the year and studio of its Chinese dubbing, and its sources. One 1955 spy film had six million admissions in China by 1958, according to the People's Daily. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
People and journeys
In November 1950 five Romanian school-leavers spent fifteen nights on trains from Bucharest to Beijing. None of them knew Chinese. One became an ambassador, one a trade counsellor, one a historian of China, one a translator of Chinese literature. The journey on a map and the five lives step by step, each step with its source. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
China–Romania ties
The People's Daily named Romania in 16,793 articles between 1946 and 2025. Their month-by-month chart has two peaks, 1971 and 1978, and one almost empty year, 1968. Every year has its card, with three headlines printed in Beijing, in Chinese and in translation. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Language and culture
Chess and xiangqi set out the same army: chariot, horse, elephant, counsellor, king. Pick a piece and see its move on three boards: shatranj, the medieval game, chess today and xiangqi. The medieval bishop reached 8 of 64 squares; the xiangqi elephant reaches 7 of 90 points. With the names of the pieces in 31 languages and a ten-move quiz. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Places and waters
Beijing's Line 2 follows the former inner-city enclosure corridor, and several stations carry the old gates' names. Ride all 18 stops — 8 inner-gate names, 3 later openings, 7 without a counterpart — then compare Liang Sicheng's unbuilt wall-top park with the 1952–1970 demolitions and count what remains: 2 gate sites, 3 towers, wall fragments.
Current connections
The full text of the declaration, its 25 signatories on a map through time, the eight layers of the technology chain and what has been announced or launched in each, with every claim tied to its source.
Language and culture
Tell us the Cinderella you remember and see how many of the 134 versions Marian Cox collected in 1893 match yours: a godmother helps in 4, midnight appears in 2. The bones that work wonders, from Ye Xian (written down before 863) to Romania's Pipelcuța and the rooster. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
People and journeys
The Chinese general Shi Yousan changed sides 13 times between 1926 and 1940 and seven times turned on the side he served. Take his seat at nine forks, see his whole career on one line and the three versions of his death. In Romanian, English and Chinese.
Language and culture
Where Romanian farfurie, “plate”, comes from: Ottoman farfuri, “porcelain”, and before it Persian faghfūr, the title given to the emperor of China. Turn a Ming dish to see the word’s seven forms, from 天子 to farfurie, each with its source. With the Chinese province that dictionaries invented, the map of the routes and the Topkapı collection.
People and journeys
Ibn Battuta, from Tangier to Kilwa, Constantinople, Delhi, the Maldives, China and Mali: 108,800 kilometres, measured on the map.
People and journeys
The tsar’s envoy to the Kangxi Emperor was a Moldavian boyar. The embassy’s report and the Qing court record, set side by side day by day along a Kangxi-period painted scroll of Beijing: who laid the letter on the table, how the envoy bowed, and why he left without a reply.
China–Romania ties
Follow 11 milestones in Romania–China relations, from diplomatic recognition in 1949 to consultations in 2024. Each entry links to documents and sources; bilateral trade is covered separately.
China–Romania ties
Opened 2003, 10 pavilions, 3,713 shops (this page's sum): Dragonul Roșu is the on-the-ground form of trade with China. Imports from China, from $90m in 1995 to $8,509m in 2024 — 30 years, eight chapters, eight markers, each with a source.
People and journeys
A Chinese entry of 1290 names the same three envoys as Marco Polo, though not Marco. Nine passages of the book stand beside Chinese texts about the same things: the fee on worn banknotes, couriers with bells, the cowries of Yunnan, the siege engines at Xiangyang. With the route of 1271–1295 on the map, what the book leaves out and a ten-question quiz.
People and journeys
Faxian, Xuanzang, Du Huan, Changchun, Rabban Bar Sauma, Zhou Daguan and Zheng He: seven journeys out of China between 399 and 1433, on one map, with what they wrote about what they saw.
Chinese space missions
Turn a globe of the Moon and watch the dark seas almost disappear: they cover 30% of the near side and 2% of the far side. With a map of crust thickness, the South Pole–Aitken basin, the places where Chang’e 4 and Chang’e 6 landed, and what the first samples brought back from there say.
Taiwan, separately identified
A shopper's chance to win made the sale harder to hide.
China–Romania ties
Chinese passport holders can check where to apply and which documents to prepare for a trip to Romania. The guide follows the EU’s harmonised list for China and reflects Romania’s Schengen membership since 1 January 2025.
Study and licensing
Compare tuition and admission conditions at four Romanian medical schools with English-language programmes. The guide explains how to check accreditation, diploma recognition and the steps Chinese graduates may need for licensing in China.
China–Romania ties
Compare Romania and China by local time, exchange rates, ten World Bank indicators, bilateral trade and the distance between their capitals. Each figure includes its source and year.
Food and exchange
Compare Romanian pickles with Sichuan pao cai, follow four stages of fermentation in Chiojdu, and calculate brine concentration. The page includes a food-safety reference, not recipes.
China–Romania ties
Three tracks separated: the nomad's ten papers, the 3× wage math, work with the employer first. Every legal sentence with its article; the sorter gives FIT/HOLD bands, never verdicts; not legal advice.
Language and culture
Learn 120 Romanian phrases for ten everyday situations, with Chinese translations and Pinyin reading guides. A pronunciation chart compares Romanian sounds with Mandarin.
Cultural exchange
Browse 28 verified Chinese-language editions of books by writers connected with Romania, with publishers, years, ISBNs and catalogue links. Five more records still need translation details confirmed.
Current connections
A day of real orbits for more than five thousand objects: what a station placed anywhere on land adds to a Chinese network, where New Zealand ranks, and what the NZSIS report on Purple Mountain Observatory does and does not say.
Cybersecurity
How China- and India-nexus cyberespionage actors reached the same Pakistani police servers and converged on Balochistan Police.
Language and culture
Pick a word and 107 languages of Europe and Asia light up, first the ones that say it almost like you.
Institutions and reform
A supervisory file shows what changes when decision rights move closer to where information appears.
The collection includes projects centred on China, a documented China connection, or an explicit exchange with a Chinese institution, language or community. An incidental mention is not enough. Taiwan appears only in the project about its tax-receipt lottery and is identified separately. Current claims keep the date and sources of their own project. It also includes a small number of projects with a substantial China case: banking reform, cyber operations, students, lunar missions, solar terms and Everest’s Tibetan side. Actor labels in the cyber report do not prove that a government ordered an operation.
Reviewed · Collection as text
The embassy report and Qing chronicle, with the three calendar systems and their limits.
The project documents the corpus, counting rules, gaps and checks.
Transcribed archive with limits on dates and article assignment.
A dated sequence with links to documents.
Open the Qinghai project in the collection for its place-specific sources.
Yuan dynasty object from the late 13th century, accession 1993.256. The image is CC0; the object predates Milescu’s embassy by nearly four centuries.
Qing entries on the tsar’s letter and first audience; volume 61 contains the court decision in the seventh month.
