11 September on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hundred years.

William I of Aquitaine gifts abbot Berno a group of lands close to Mâcon to found a new monastery. Contrary to other Benedictine monasteries, William sets the monastery outside of the control of any feudal lord.

Isaac II Angelos kills Stephen Hagiochristophorites and then appeals to the people, resulting in the revolt that deposes Andronikos I Komnenos and places Isaac on the throne of the Byzantine Empire.

An earthquake occurs in the south of Great Britain, notably causing multiple fatalities as well as destroying St Michael's Church on Glastonbury Tor.

Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots jointly led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray defeat the English.

Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392): The Teutonic Knights begin a five-week siege of Vilnius.

Santiago, Chile, is attacked by indigenous warriors, led by Michimalonco, to free eight indigenous chiefs held captive by the Spaniards.

Ottoman forces retreat from Malta ending the Great Siege of Malta.

Henry Hudson arrives on Manhattan Island and meets the indigenous people living there.

Siege of Drogheda ends: Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian troops take the town and execute its garrison.

Coalition forces, including the famous winged Hussars, led by Polish King John III Sobieski lift the siege laid by Ottoman forces ahead of the Battle of Vienna.

Battle of Zenta: a major engagement in the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) and one of the most decisive defeats in Ottoman history.

Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish Empire ceases to be a major power.

Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands, and Austria fight against France.

Siege of Barcelona: Barcelona, capital city of the Principality of Catalonia, surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies in the War of the Catalans, the last phase of the War of the Spanish Succession.

Battle of Saint Cast: France repels British invasion during the Seven Years' War.

Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec leaves Cambridge, Massachusetts.

British–American peace conference on Staten Island fails to stop nascent American Revolutionary War.

American Revolutionary War: Battle of Brandywine: The British celebrate a major victory in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

American Revolutionary War: Sugarloaf massacre: A small detachment of militia from Northampton County, Pennsylvania, are attacked by Native Americans and Loyalists near Little Nescopeck Creek.

The beginning of the Annapolis Convention.

Alexander Hamilton is appointed the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.

The Hope Diamond is stolen along with other French crown jewels when six men break into the house where they are stored.

The Maltese National Congress Battalions are disbanded by British Civil Commissioner Alexander Ball.

France annexes the Kingdom of Piedmont.

The Battle of Delhi, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and Marathas of Scindia's army under General Louis Bourquin ends in a British victory.

War of 1812: The climax of the Battle of Plattsburgh, a major United States victory in the war.

An expedition led by Isidro Barradas at Tampico, sent by the Spanish crown to retake Mexico, surrenders at the Battle of Tampico, marking the effective end of Spain's resistance to Mexico's campaign for independence.

The Riograndense Republic is proclaimed by rebels after defeating Empire of Brazil's troops in the Battle of Seival, during the Ragamuffin War.

An Anglo-Turkish force captures Beirut with the help of bombardment by an English fleet.

Christiana Resistance: Escaped slaves led by William Parker fight off and kill a slave owner who, with a federal marshal and an armed party, sought to seize three of his former slaves in Christiana, Pennsylvania, thereby creating a cause célèbre between slavery proponents and abolitionists.

Outbreak of Revolution of September 11 resulting in the State of Buenos Aires declaring independence as a Republic.

The Mountain Meadows massacre: Mormon settlers and Paiutes massacre 120 pioneers at Mountain Meadows, Utah.

In the Swiss state of Glarus, a rockslide buries parts of the village of Elm, destroying 83 buildings and killing 115 people.

Swami Vivekananda gave a speech introducing Hinduism on the opening day of the first Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago.

After months of pursuit, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of the Kaffa.

The first race at the Milwaukee Mile in West Allis, Wisconsin is held. It is the oldest major speedway in the world.

The Ninth Avenue derailment occurs in New York City, killing 13.

The Second Period of Russification: The teaching of the Russian language and Russian history in Finnish schools is ordered to be considerably increased as part of the forced Russification program in Finland run by Tsar Nicholas II.

World War I: Australia invades German New Guinea, defeating a German contingent at the Battle of Bita Paka.

The Quebec Bridge's central span collapses, killing 11 men. The bridge previously collapsed completely on August 29, 1907.

United States Marine Corps invades Honduras.

Nahalal, a Jewish moshav in Palestine, is settled.

The Treaty of Kars is ratified in Yerevan, Armenia.

Charles Lindbergh makes his Des Moines speech accusing the British, Jews and FDR's administration of conspiring for war with Germany.

Construction begins on the Pentagon.

World War II: German troops occupy Corsica and Kosovo-Metohija ending the Italian occupation of Corsica.

World War II: RAF bombing raid on Darmstadt and the following firestorm kill 11,500.

World War II: Batu Lintang camp, a Japanese-run POW and civilian internment camp on the island of Borneo, is liberated by Australian 9th Division forces.

Hurricane Edna hits New England (United States) as a Category 2 hurricane, causing significant damage and 29 deaths.

Hurricane Carla strikes the Texas coast as a Category 4 hurricane, the second strongest storm ever to hit the state.

Indo-Pakistani War: The Indian Army captures the town of Burki, just southeast of Lahore.

China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at Nathu La, Sikkim, India, which resulted in military clashes.

Air Canada Flight 303, a Vickers Viscount 757, was the subject of an attempted plane hijacking to Cuba by a person being chased by the CIA.

Air France Flight 1611 crashes off Nice, France, killing 89 passengers and six crew.

John Eliot Gardiner conducts Monteverdi's Vespro della Beata Vergine with the Monteverdi Choir at the Proms.

The Dawson's Field hijackers release 88 of their hostages. The remaining hostages, mostly Jews and Israeli citizens, are held until September 25.

The Egyptian Constitution becomes official.

The Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro rock festival is held in the State of Mexico. It attracted more than 100,000 attendees during the Mexican Dirty War, a period marked by widespread political repression.

The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit system begins passenger service.

A coup in Chile, headed by General Augusto Pinochet, topples the democratically elected president Salvador Allende.

JAT Airways Flight 769 crashes into the Maganik mountain range while on approach to Titograd Airport, killing 35 passengers and six crew.

Eastern Air Lines Flight 212 crashes in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing 69 passengers and two crew.

A bomb planted by a Croatian terrorist, Zvonko Bušić, is found at New York's Grand Central Terminal; one NYPD officer is killed trying to defuse it.

Atari, Inc. releases the Video Computer System (VCS), later renamed the Atari 2600 in 1982.

British medical photographer Janet Parker became the last recorded person to die from smallpox, leading to a debate on whether the virus should be preserved.

A new constitution of Chile is established under the influence of then Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, which is subject to controversy in Chile today.

The international forces that were guaranteeing the safety of Palestinian refugees following Israel's 1982 Invasion of Lebanon leave Beirut. Five days later, several thousand refugees are massacred in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps by Phalange forces.

Moimenta-Alcafache train crash, the worst railway accident to occur in Portugal.

Hungary announces that the East German refugees who had been housed in temporary camps were free to leave for West Germany.

A Faucett Boeing 727 disappears in the Atlantic Ocean while being flown from Malta to Peru.

Continental Express Flight 2574 crashes in Colorado County, Texas, near Eagle Lake, killing 11 passengers and three crew.

Hurricane Iniki strikes the island of Kauaʻi, Hawaii, killing seven and causing $3.1bn in economic damages.

Mir EO-19, the first expedition to the Russian space station Mir launched on an American Space Shuttle, returned to Earth after approximately 75 days in space.

The first game of the PCA World Chess Championship 1995, pitting incumbent champion Garry Kasparov against challenger Viswanathan Anand, takes place on the 107th floor of the World Trade Center's South Tower in New York City.

After a nationwide referendum, Scotland votes to establish a devolved parliament within the United Kingdom.

Kurkse tragedy: Fourteen Estonian soldiers of the Baltic Battalion are drowned or die of hypothermia during a training exercise in the Kurkse Strait.

NASA's Mars Global Surveyor reaches Mars.

Nineteen members of al-Qaeda execute the September 11 attacks, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks that killed 2,977 people using four hijacked aircraft. Two aircraft crash into the World Trade Center in New York City, a third crashes into The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and a fourth into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

Russia tests the largest conventional weapon ever, the Father of All Bombs.

A major Channel Tunnel fire breaks out on a freight train, resulting in the closure of part of the tunnel for six months.

A dedication ceremony is held at the United States National September 11 Memorial on the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks in New York City, and the memorial opens to family members.

A total of 315 people are killed in two garment factory fires in Pakistan.

The U.S. embassy in Benghazi, Libya is attacked, resulting in four deaths.

A crane collapses onto the Masjid al-Haram mosque in Saudi Arabia, killing 111 people and injuring 394 others.

The Libyan city of Derna experiences catastrophic floods after Storm Daniel causes two dams to collapse, killing thousands of people.

Hurricane Francine impacts the Gulf of Mexico, as a Category 2 hurricane.

Soyuz MS-26 is launched to the International Space Station, setting a record of 19 people in orbit at the same time.

Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro was sentenced to 27 years in prison for his involvement in a coup plot.

Progress MS-32 is launched to resupply the International Space Station. It is the 300th spacecraft launched to the ISS.

Sung Jae-gi, South Korean activist, founded Man of Korea (died 2013)

Bashar al-Assad, Syrian politician, 21st President of Syria

Ferdinand Marcos, Filipino soldier, lawyer, and politician, 10th President of the Philippines (died 1989)

Franz Beckenbauer, German footballer and manager (died 2024)

D. H. Lawrence, English novelist, poet, playwright, and critic (died 1930)

Theodor Adorno, German sociologist and philosopher (died 1969)

O. Henry, American short story writer (died 1910)

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, Belarusian politician

Felix Dzerzhinsky, Polish-Russian academic and politician (died 1926)

Pierre de Ronsard, French poet and author (died 1585)

Arvo Pärt, Estonian composer

Hiroshi Amano, Japanese physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate

Eric Abidal, French footballer

Brian De Palma, American director, producer, and screenwriter

Moby, American singer-songwriter, musician, and DJ

Carl Zeiss, German lens maker, created the Optical instrument (died 1888)

Gherman Titov, Russian general, pilot, and astronaut (died 2000)

James Hopwood Jeans, English physicist, astronomer, and mathematician (died 1946)

Mungo Park, Scottish surgeon and explorer (died 1806)

Dejan Stanković, Serbian footballer and manager

Ludacris, American rapper and producer

Julio Salinas, Spanish footballer

Jordan Ayew, Ghanaian footballer

Virginia Madsen, American actress

Taraji P. Henson, American actress and singer

Rainis, Latvian poet and playwright (died 1929)

Amy Madigan, American actress

Vinoba Bhave, Indian philosopher and Gandhian, Bharat Ratna Awardee (died 1982)

Ulisse Aldrovandi, Italian ornithologist and botanist (died 1605)

Tyler Hoechlin, American actor

Queen Paola of Belgium

Kygo, Norwegian DJ

Herbert Lom, Czech-born English actor (died 2012)

Jonny Buckland, Welsh guitarist

David Pizarro, Chilean footballer

Vivian Cheruiyot, Kenyan runner

Juhani Aho, Finnish author and journalist (died 1921)

James Thomson, Scottish poet and playwright (died 1748)

Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, French general (died 1675)

Robert Crippen, American captain, pilot, and astronaut

Louise of Savoy, French regent (died 1531)

Eduard Hanslick, Bohemian-Austrian musicologist and critic (died 1904)

John Hawkes, American actor

Harry Connick Jr., American singer-songwriter, pianist, actor, and talk show host

Joseph Calasanz, Spanish priest and founder of Piarists (died 1648)

Franz Ernst Neumann, German mineralogist and physicist (died 1895)

Nicola Pietrangeli, Italian tennis player (died 2025)

Rudolf Vrba, Czech-Canadian pharmacologist and educator (died 2006)

Earl Holliman, American actor (died 2024)

Everaldo, Brazilian footballer (died 1974)

Paul Heyman, American wrestling promoter, manager, and journalist

Elvan Abeylegesse, Ethiopian-Turkish runner

Philipp Bouhler, German politician (died 1945)

John Martyn, English-Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2009)

William Boyce, English organist and composer (died 1779)

Johann Bernhard Basedow, German author and educator (died 1790)

Serbian Patriarch Pavle II (died 2009)

Tony Gilroy, American director, producer, and screenwriter

Elizabeth Henstridge, English actress

Daniel Akaka, American soldier, engineer, and politician (died 2018)