8 September on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

The funeral of Augustus takes place. His body is cremated and placed in his mausoleum.

After the capture of Herod's Palace the previous day, a Roman army under Titus secures and plunders the city of Jerusalem.

Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.

Election of Antipope Theodoric.

Philip of Swabia, Prince of Hohenstaufen, is crowned King of Germany (King of the Romans).

Pope Innocent IV canonises Stanislaus of Szczepanów, who was killed by King Bolesław II.

The Statute of Kalisz, guaranteeing Jews safety and personal liberties and giving battei din jurisdiction over Jewish matters, is promulgated by Bolesław the Pious, Duke of Greater Poland.

Election of Pope John XXI following the sudden death of pope Hadrian V in the previous month. This was the third papal election that year as both predecessors of Pope John XXI died in the same year.

Stefan Dušan declares himself king of Serbia.

The Battle of Adramyttion begins in which a Christian naval league defeats a Turkish fleet in several encounters.

Battle of Kulikovo: Russian forces defeat a mixed army of Tatars and Mongols, stopping their advance.

Michelangelo's David is unveiled in Piazza della Signoria in Florence.

Battle of Orsha: In one of the biggest battles of the century, Lithuanians and Poles defeat the Russian army.

Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation: Victoria arrives at Seville, completing the first circumnavigation.

St. Augustine, Florida is founded by Spanish admiral and Florida's first governor, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés.

Ottoman–Habsburg wars: Ottoman forces led by Suleiman the Magnificent captured the fortress of Szigetvár in Hungary, but were forced to end their campaign to take Vienna.

Warsaw falls without resistance to a small force under the command of Charles X Gustav of Sweden during The Deluge, making it the first time the city is captured by a foreign army.

J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Geist und Seele wird verwirret, BWV 35, a solo cantata for alto voice.

A barn fire during a puppet show in the village of Burwell in Cambridgeshire, England kills 78 people, many of whom are children.

French and Indian War: Battle of Lake George.

French and Indian War: Kittanning Expedition.

French and Indian War: French surrender Montreal to the British, completing the latter's conquest of New France.

Marriage of King George III of the United Kingdom to Duchess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

The unsuccessful Rising of the Priests in Malta.

American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Eutaw Springs in South Carolina, the war's last significant battle in the Southern theater, ends in a narrow British tactical victory.

French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Hondschoote.

French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Bassano: French forces defeat Austrian troops at Bassano del Grappa.

The Treaty of Paris is signed ending the French military occupation of Prussia.

The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board.

At the final stage of the Peninsular War, British-Portuguese troops capture the town of Donostia (now San Sebastián), resulting in a rampage and eventual destruction of the town.

1819 Balloon riot occurred at Vauxhall Garden in Philadelphia, PA and resulted in the destruction of the amusement park.

November uprising: The Battle of Warsaw effectively ends the Polish insurrection.

William IV and Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen are crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Crimean War: The French assault the tower of Malakoff, leading to the capture of Sevastopol.

The steamship PS Lady Elgin sinks on Lake Michigan, with the loss of around 300 lives.

Millennium of Russia monument is unveiled in Novgorod.

American Civil War: In the Second Battle of Sabine Pass, a small Confederate force thwarts a Union invasion of Texas.

The Northern Pacific Railway (reporting mark NP) was completed in a ceremony at Gold Creek, Montana. Former president Ulysses S. Grant drove in the final "golden spike" in an event attended by rail and political luminaries.

In England, the first six Football League matches are played.

In London, the body of Jack the Ripper's second murder victim, Annie Chapman, is found.

Isaac Peral's submarine is first tested.

The Great Herding (Spanish: El Gran Arreo) begins with thousands of sheep being herded from the Argentine outpost of Fortín Conesa to Santa Cruz near the Strait of Magellan.

The Pledge of Allegiance is first recited.

Seven hundred Greek civilians, 17 British guards and the British Consul of Crete are killed by a Turkish mob.

Galveston hurricane: A powerful hurricane hits Galveston, Texas killing about 8,000 people.

The 7.2 Mw Calabria earthquake shakes southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing between 557 and 2,500 people.

Gertrude Stein meets her life partner and muse, Alice B. Toklas in Paris.

World War I: Private Thomas Highgate becomes the first British soldier to be executed for desertion during the war.

In a bid to prove that women were capable of serving as military dispatch riders, Augusta and Adeline Van Buren arrive in Los Angeles, completing a 60-day, 5,500 mile cross-country trip on motorcycles.

Margaret Gorman, a 16-year-old, wins the Atlantic City Pageant's Golden Mermaid trophy; pageant officials later dubbed her the first Miss America.

Honda Point disaster: Nine US Navy destroyers run aground off the California coast. Seven are lost, and twenty-three sailors killed.

Rif War: Spanish forces including troops from the Foreign Legion under Colonel Francisco Franco landing at Al Hoceima, Morocco.

Germany is admitted to the League of Nations.

Ghazi bin Faisal became King of Iraq.

Off the New Jersey coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner SS Morro Castle kills 137 people.

US Senator from Louisiana Huey Long is fatally shot in the Louisiana State Capitol building.

Opposed to António de Oliveira Salazar's support of the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War, the crews of the Portuguese Navy ships NRP Afonso de Albuquerque and NRP Dão mutinied while anchored in the harbour of Lisbon.

World War II: German forces begin the Siege of Leningrad.

World War II: The Armistice of Cassibile is proclaimed by radio. OB Süd immediately implements plans to disarm the Italian forces.

World War II: London is hit by a V-2 rocket for the first time.

The division of Korea begins when United States troops arrive to partition the southern part of Korea in response to Soviet troops occupying the northern part of the peninsula a month earlier.

A referendum abolishes the monarchy in Bulgaria.

The flag of North Korea is adopted with the passing of the country's first constitution by the Supreme People's Assembly.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation makes its first televised broadcast on the second escape of the Boyd Gang.

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is established.

In Huntsville, Alabama, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicates the Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA had already activated the facility on July 1).

Last run of the famous Pines Express over the Somerset and Dorset Railway line (UK) fittingly using the last steam locomotive built by British Railways, BR Standard Class 9F 92220 Evening Star.

Queen Elizabeth II opened the Severn Bridge, suggesting that it marked the dawn of a new economic era for South Wales.

The landmark American science fiction television series Star Trek premieres with its first-aired episode, "The Man Trap".

Trans International Airlines Flight 863 crashes during takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, killing all 11 aboard.

In Washington, D.C., the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is inaugurated, with the opening feature being the premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Mass.

World Airways Flight 802 crashes into Mount Dutton in King Cove, Alaska, killing six people.

Watergate scandal: US President Gerald Ford signs the pardon of Richard Nixon for any crimes Nixon may have committed while in office.

Gays in the military: US Air Force Tech Sergeant Leonard Matlovich, a decorated veteran of the Vietnam War, appears in his Air Force uniform on the cover of Time magazine with the headline "I Am A Homosexual". He is given a general discharge, later upgraded to honorable.

Black Friday, a massacre by soldiers against protesters in Tehran, results in 88 deaths, it marks the beginning of the end of the monarchy in Iran.

Nicholas Daniloff, a correspondent for U.S. News & World Report, is indicted on charges of espionage by the Soviet Union.

Yellowstone National Park is closed for the first time in U.S. history due to ongoing fires.

Partnair Flight 394 dives into the North Sea, killing 55 people. The investigation showed that the tail of the plane vibrated loose in flight due to sub-standard connecting bolts that had been fraudulently sold as aircraft-grade.

At the Tailhook Association symposium in Las Vegas, U.S. Navy and Marine Corps aviators were alleged to have sexually assaulted 90 persons.

USAir Flight 427, on approach to Pittsburgh International Airport, suddenly crashes in clear weather killing all 132 aboard, resulting in the most extensive aviation investigation in world history and altering manufacturing practices in the industry.

Construction began on the Dhammakaya Cetiya, a giant stupa at the Wat Phra Dhammakaya, a Buddhist temple in Pathum Thani, Thailand.

NASA launches Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-106 to resupply the International Space Station.

NASA's uncrewed spacecraft Genesis crash-lands when its parachute fails to open.

Two Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft from EMERCOM land at a disaster aid staging area at Little Rock Air Force Base; the first time Russia has flown such a mission to North America.

NASA launches OSIRIS-REx, its first asteroid sample return mission. The probe visited 101955 Bennu and returned with samples in September 2023.

Syrian civil war: The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) announce the beginning of the Deir ez-Zor campaign, with the stated aim of eliminating the Islamic State (IS) from all areas north and east of the Euphrates.

Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom dies at Balmoral Castle in Scotland after reigning for 70 years. Her son Charles, Prince of Wales, ascends the throne upon her death as Charles III.

A magnitude 6.9 earthquake strikes Morocco, killing nearly 3,000 people and damaging historic sites in Marrakesh.

The 2023 Rugby World Cup, the tenth men's Rugby World Cup is held in France. The opening ceremony, directed and written by Jean Dujardin, Olivier Ferracci and Nora Matthey, took place at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, before the opening match between France and New Zealand, which saw the host nation winning 27 to 13.

Balçova police station shooting: Four people, including the perpetrator are killed an attack on a police station in Turkey.

Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer and academic (died 1904)

Bernie Sanders, American politician

Frédéric Mistral, French poet and lexicographer, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1914)

Richard I of England (died 1199)

Peter Sellers, English actor and comedian (died 1980)

Ludovico Ariosto, Italian playwright and poet (died 1533)

Pink, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress

Avicii, Swedish electronic musician (died 2018)

Aziz Sancar, Turkish-American biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate

Wiz Khalifa, American rapper and actor

Bruno Fernandes, Portuguese footballer

Martin Freeman, English actor

Mustafa IV, Ottoman sultan (died 1808)

Asha Bhosle, Indian playback singer, businesswoman, actress and television personality (died 2026)

Marin Mersenne, French mathematician, philosopher, and theologian (died 1648)

August Wilhelm Schlegel, German poet and critic (died 1845)

João Moutinho, Portuguese footballer

Derek Barton, English-American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1998)

Rasul Gamzatov, Russian poet (died 2003)

Patsy Cline, American singer-songwriter and pianist (died 1963)

Alfred Jarry, French author and playwright (died 1907)

Gylfi Sigurðsson, Icelandic footballer

James Mattis, 26th United States Secretary of Defense under the Trump administration (2017-2019)

Eduard Mörike, German pastor, poet, and academic (died 1875)

N. F. S. Grundtvig, Danish pastor, philosopher, and author (died 1872)

David Arquette, American actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and wrestler

Wilhelm Raabe, German author and painter (died 1910)

Georg Michaelis, German academic and politician, 6th Chancellor of Germany (died 1936)

Diego Benaglio, Swiss footballer

Hendrik Verwoerd, Dutch-South African journalist and politician, 7th Prime Minister of South Africa (died 1966)

Carlos Bacca, Colombian footballer

Sancho II of Portugal (died 1248)

Gojong of Korea, 26th Emperor of the Joseon Kingdom and first emperor of Korea (died 1919)

Gaten Matarazzo, American actor and singer

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (died 762)

Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans (died 1654)

Thomas Kretschmann, German actor

Gary Speed, Welsh footballer and manager (died 2011)

Halldór Ásgrímsson, Icelandic accountant and politician, 22nd Prime Minister of Iceland (died 2015)

Siegfried Sassoon, English soldier, poet and author (died 1967)

Vitaly Petrov, Russian racing driver

Jean-Louis Barrault, French actor and director (died 1994)

Ansgar, German archbishop and saint (died 865)

Michael Shermer, American historian, author, and academic, founded The Skeptics Society

Markus Babbel, German footballer and manager

Ali al-Hadi, Hijazi (Western Arabian), 10th of the Twelve Imams (died 868)

Louis, Grand Condé, French general (died 1686)

Sivananda Saraswati, Hindu monk, spiritual leader, physician, proponent of Vedanta, etc. (died 1963)

Bernardino of Siena, Italian priest, missionary, and saint (died 1444)

Catherine of Bologna, Italian nun and saint (died 1463)

Morten Gamst Pedersen, Norwegian footballer

Anne Catherine Emmerich, German nun and mystic (died 1824)

Sid Caesar, American comic actor and writer (died 2014)

Charles Martel of Anjou (died 1295)

Magdalena Eriksson, Swedish professional footballer

Peter Maxwell Davies, English composer and conductor (died 2016)

Vinko Puljić, Croatian cardinal

Toyotomi Hideyori, Japanese nobleman (died 1615)

Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople (died 1991)

Yolande de Polastron, French educator (died 1793)