5 September on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

On the first day of the battle of Frigidus, the Western Roman troops of Arbogast manage to defend their positions against the Eastern Roman troops of emperor Theodosius I.

Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.

The Decretals of Gregory IX, a new canonical collection assembled by Raymond of Peñafort, are promulgated.

Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava

An army led by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma forces Henry IV of France to lift the siege of Paris.

Fall of Nicolas Fouquet: Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finances is arrested in Nantes by D'Artagnan, captain of the king's musketeers.

War of the Grand Alliance: A French warship commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville defeats an English squadron at the Battle of Hudson's Bay.

In an effort to Westernize his nobility, Tsar Peter I of Russia imposes a tax on beards for all men except the clergy and peasantry.

Wedding of Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska.

First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia.

Battle of the Chesapeake in the American Revolutionary War: The British Navy is repelled by the French Navy, contributing to the British surrender at Yorktown.

Olympe de Gouges writes the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.

French Revolution: The French National Convention initiates the Reign of Terror.

Conscription is made mandatory in France by the Jourdan law.

War of 1812: The Siege of Fort Wayne begins when Chief Winamac's forces attack two soldiers returning from the fort's outhouses.

Louis XVIII of France has to dissolve the Chambre introuvable ("Unobtainable Chamber").

Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas.

The United Kingdom declares war on the Qing dynasty of China.

American Civil War: The Army of Northern Virginia crosses the Potomac River at White's Ford in the Maryland Campaign.

American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska.

A group of London schoolboys led by Bobby Buckle founded Hotspur Football Club to continue to play sports during the winter months.

The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City.

A fire at the Theatre Royal, Exeter kills 186, making it the UK's deadliest ever building fire.

Russo-Japanese War: In New Hampshire, United States, the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, ends the war.

World War I: First Battle of the Marne begins. Northeast of Paris, the French attack and defeat German forces who are advancing on the capital.

The Casablanca Fair opened in the French protectorate in Morocco.

The pacifist Zimmerwald Conference begins.

Forty-eight people died in a fire in a makeshift cinema in Dromcolliher, Ireland.

The French Upper Volta is broken apart between Ivory Coast, French Sudan, and Niger.

Spanish Civil War: Llanes falls to the Nationalists following a one-day siege.

Chile: A group of youths affiliated with the fascist National Socialist Movement of Chile are executed after surrendering during a failed coup.

Whole territory of Estonia is occupied by Nazi Germany.

World War II: Japanese high command orders withdrawal at Milne Bay, the first major Japanese defeat in land warfare during the Pacific War.

World War II: American and Australian airborne forces landed at Nadzab as part of the New Guinea campaign against Japan.

World War II: In the Pacific Theater, the 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment lands and occupies Lae Nadzab Airport, near Lae during the Salamaua–Lae campaign.

Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg constitute Benelux.

Cold War: Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet Union embassy clerk, defects to Canada, exposing Soviet espionage in North America, signalling the beginning of the Cold War.

Iva Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese American who broadcast under the name Orphan Annie during World War II, is arrested in Yokohama by U.S. military authorities amid widespread speculation of her being wartime radio propagandist Tokyo Rose.

In France, Robert Schuman becomes President of the Council while being Foreign minister; as such, he is the French negotiator of the major treaties of the end of World War II.

KLM Flight 633 crashes into the River Shannon in Shannon, County Clare, Ireland, killing 28.

Cuban Revolution: Fulgencio Batista bombs the revolt in Cienfuegos.

Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay) wins the gold medal in the light heavyweight boxing competition at the Olympic Games in Rome.

Poet Léopold Sédar Senghor is the first elected President of Senegal.

Hurricane Cleo dissipated after causing 156 deaths, mainly in Haiti, and causing roughly US$187 million in damages across the Caribbean and southeastern United States.

End of the Congress of Carrara, one of the major 20th century anarchist congresses.

Mỹ Lai Massacre: U.S. Army Lieutenant William Calley is charged with six specifications of premeditated murder for the death of 109 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai.

During the practice session of the Italian Grand Prix at Monza Circuit, Jochen Rindt was killed and subsequently became motor racing's only posthumous world champion.

Vietnam War: Operation Jefferson Glenn begins: The United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thừa Thiên–Huế Province.

Munich massacre: A Palestinian terrorist group called "Black September" attacks and takes hostage 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games. Two die in the attack and nine are murdered the following day.

Sacramento, California: Lynette Fromme attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford.

Voyager Program: NASA launches the Voyager 1 spacecraft.

Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat begin peace discussions at Camp David, Maryland.

The Gotthard Road Tunnel opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel at 16.9 kilometres (10.5 mi) stretching from Göschenen to Airolo.

The first women arrive at what becomes Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp in the UK.

STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery lands after its maiden voyage.

Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment.

Pan Am Flight 73 from Mumbai, India with 358 people on board is hijacked at Karachi International Airport.

Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers slaughter 158 civilians.

The current international treaty defending indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, comes into force.

Hurricane Fran makes landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina as a Category 3 storm with 115 mph sustained winds. Fran caused over $3 billion in damage and killed 27 people.

Mandala Airlines Flight 091 crashes after takeoff from Polonia International Airport in Medan, Indonesia, killing 149.

The Waziristan Accord is signed between the Government of Pakistan and local Taliban militants in North Waziristan, obliging the Taliban to expel foreign jihadists and the government to compensate the tribes for loss of life and property and launch reconstruction projects.

An accidental explosion at a Turkish Army ammunition store in Afyon, western Turkey kills 25 soldiers and wounds four others.

California wildfires: A pyrotechnic device at a gender reveal party ignited the El Dorado Fire, burning for 71 days and killing one firefighter.

The President of Guinea, Alpha Condé is captured by armed forces during a coup d'état.

At least 93 people die and 25 are missing after a magnitude 6.8 earthquake strikes Sichuan, China.

Liz Truss is declared the winner of the UK Conservative Party leadership election, beating Rishi Sunak.

Louis XIV, king of France (died 1715)

Freddie Mercury, British singer and songwriter (died 1991)

Caspar David Friedrich, German painter and etcher (died 1840)

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosopher and politician, 2nd President of India (died 1975)

Michael Keaton, American actor and producer

Werner Herzog, German actor, director, producer, and screenwriter

Tommaso Campanella, Italian poet, philosopher, and theologian (died 1639)

John Cage, American composer and theorist (died 1992)

Louis VIII, king of France (died 1226)

Arthur Koestler, Hungarian-English journalist and author (died 1983)

Raquel Welch, American actress and singer (died 2023)

Bukayo Saka, English footballer

Johann Christian Bach, German-English viol player and composer (died 1782)

Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Russian poet, author, and playwright (died 1875)

Bob Newhart, American comedian and actor (died 2024)

Paul Breitner, German footballer

Leonardo Araújo, Brazilian footballer and manager

Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, Iranian king (died 1834)

Giacomo Meyerbeer, German pianist and composer (died 1864)

George Lazenby, Australian actor, the second to play James Bond

Chris Hipkins, New Zealand politician, 41st Prime Minister of New Zealand

Jesse James, American outlaw (died 1882)

William Dampier, English explorer (died 1715)

Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, German field marshal (died 1956)

Matthias Sammer, German footballer and manager

Rose McGowan, American actress

Andriyan Nikolayev, Russian general, pilot, and cosmonaut (died 2004)

Otto Bauer, Austrian philosopher and politician, Foreign Minister of Austria (died 1938)

Nicanor Parra, Chilean physicist, mathematician, and poet (died 2018)

Carice van Houten, Dutch actress and singer

Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen (died 1847)

Kat Graham, American actress and singer

Yuna Kim, South Korean figure skater

Darryl F. Zanuck, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1979)

John Carew, Norwegian footballer

Annabelle Wallis, English actress

Victorien Sardou, French author and playwright (died 1908)

Peter IV, king of Aragon (died 1387)

Mario Scelba, Italian politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Italy (died 1991)

Date Masamune, Japanese daimyō (died 1636)

Joseba Etxeberria, Spanish footballer

Sigrid, Norwegian singer

Claudette Colvin, American nurse and activist (died 2026)

Sergei Loznitsa, Belarusian-Ukrainian director and screenwriter

Paddy Considine, English actor, director, and screenwriter

Felipe Caicedo, Ecuadorian footballer

Skandar Keynes, English actor and political adviser

Frederick Christian, Prince-Elector of Saxony (died 1763)

Anton Diabelli, Austrian composer and publisher (died 1858)

Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri, Italian priest, mathematician, and philosopher (died 1733)

Paul Volcker, American economist and academic (died 2019)

Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Austrian lawyer, politician, and diplomat, Foreign Minister of Austria

Magnus of Holstein, prince of Denmark (died 1583)

William Devane, American actor, director, and screenwriter

Al Stewart, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist

Amy Beach, American pianist and composer (died 1944)

Fons Rademakers, Dutch-Swiss actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2007)

Gregorio Paltrinieri, Italian swimmer

Friedrich Akel, Estonian physician and politician, Head of State of Estonia (d 1941)

Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson, English field marshal (died 1964)