29 September on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday.

Consecration of pope Leo I, later called Leo the Great, following the death of pope Sixtus III in the month before.

Pope Benedict III is restored by a popular uprising to the papacy after king Louis II of Italy tried to replace him with his favourite candidate.

Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury, as a prisoner.

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for his failure to participate in the Crusades during the Investiture Controversy.

The Treaty of Montgomery recognises Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales, but only as a vassal of King Henry III.

During the Hundred Years' War, Anglo-Breton forces defeat the Franco-Breton army in Brittany, ending the War of the Breton Succession.

During the French War of Religion, Protestant coup officials in Nîmes massacre Catholic priests in an event now known as the Michelade.

Tegucigalpa, capital city of Honduras, is claimed by the Spaniards.

Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki is crowned king following the 1669 Polish–Lithuanian royal election.

The Cossacks of the Tsardom of Russia kill about 800 people overnight in Hailuoto during the Great Wrath.

An earthquake strikes Antigua Guatemala, destroying much of the city's architecture.

J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130 for the feast of archangel Michael, based on Paul Eber's hymn in twelve stanzas.

J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 130, for the feast of Michael, the archangel.

The Williamsburg Bray School, the oldest-surviving school building in the U.S. dedicated to educating Black children, opened at Benjamin Franklin's suggestion.

The United States Department of War first establishes a regular army with a strength of several hundred men.

The Metropolitan Police of London, later also known as the Met, is founded.

The Spanish American wars of independence ended with the death of King Ferdinand VII, with what had once been the Spanish Empire disintegrating into independent Latin American states.

The Battle of Pákozd is a stalemate between Hungarian and Croatian forces and is the first battle of the Hungarian Revolution.

The papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae restores the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales.

The Philippine port of Iloilo is opened to world trade by the Spanish administration.

The Battle of Chaffin's Farm is fought in the American Civil War.

The Treaty of Lisbon defines the boundaries between Spain and Portugal and abolishes the Couto Misto microstate.

The first practical public electric tramway in the world is opened in Blackpool, England.

The cornerstone is laid at the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (better known as Washington National Cathedral) in Washington, D.C.

Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire, In this war , Italy gains Libya which ends Ottoman rule in North Africa .

World War I: Bulgaria signs the Armistice of Salonica ending its participation.

World War I: Germany's Supreme Army Command tells Kaiser Wilhelm II and Imperial Chancellor Georg Michaelis to open negotiations for an armistice to end the war.

World War I: The Hindenburg Line is broken by an Allied attack.

Ukrainian War of Independence: The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic agree to a truce with the Makhnovshchina.

The First American Track and Field championships for women are held.

The Mandate for Palestine takes effect, creating Mandatory Palestine.

The Mandate for Syria and Lebanon takes effect.

Last day of the Battle of Boquerón between Paraguay and Bolivia during the Chaco War.

Two Avro Ansons collide in mid-air over New South Wales, Australia, remain locked together, then land safely.

During World War II, German forces, with the aid of local Ukrainian collaborators, begin the two-day Babi Yar massacre.

The convention establishing CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) is signed.

Willie Mays of the New York Giants made The Catch, one of the most famous defensive plays in the history of Major League Baseball.

The first Indonesian legislative election resulted in an unexpectedly poor result for the Masyumi Party of incumbent prime minister Burhanuddin Harahap.

The Kyshtym disaster is the third-worst nuclear accident ever recorded.

A Lockheed L-188 Electra crashes in Buffalo, Texas, killing 34 people.

The University of East Anglia (coat of arms featured) was founded in Norwich, England, after talk of establishing a university in the city began as early as the 19th century.

Mafalda, a popular comic strip by Quino, was first published in newspapers in Argentina.

Oman joins the Arab League.

Japan establishes diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China.

WGPR becomes the first black-owned-and-operated television station in the US.

Equatorial Guinean dictator Francisco Macías Nguema is executed by soldiers from Western Sahara.

An Iranian Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft crashes into a firing range near Kahrizak, Iran, killing 80 people.

NASA launches STS-26, the first Space Shuttle mission since the Challenger disaster.

Construction of the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (better known as Washington National Cathedral) is completed in Washington, D.C.

The Tampere Hall, the largest concert and congress center in the Nordic countries, is inaugurated in Tampere, Finland.

The YF-22, which would later become the F-22 Raptor, flies for the first time.

A Haitian coup d'état occurs.

The award-winning Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast premiered while unfinished at the New York Film Festival.

Brazilian President Fernando Collor de Mello is impeached.

Archaeologists and volunteers began excavation of the remains of Fort Tanjong Katong in Singapore.

Burt Rutan's Ansari SpaceShipOne performs a successful spaceflight, the first of two required to win the Ansari X Prize.

The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth.

John Roberts is confirmed as Chief Justice of the United States.

A Boeing 737 and an Embraer 600 collide in mid-air, killing 154 people and triggering a Brazilian aviation crisis.

Calder Hall, the world's first commercial nuclear power station, is demolished in a controlled explosion.

The stock market crashes with the Dow Jones dropping a then record 778 points after the United States House of Representatives vote on the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act fails during the beginning stages of the Great Recession.

The 8.1 Mw Samoa earthquake results in a tsunami that kills over 189 and injures hundreds.

The special court in India convicted all 269 accused officials for atrocity on Dalits and 17 for rape in the Vachathi case.

Over 42 people are killed by members of Boko Haram at the College of Agriculture in Nigeria.

Eleven days after the Uri attack, the Indian Army conducts "surgical strikes" against suspected militants in Pakistani-administered Kashmir.

Violence and low turnout mar the 2019 Afghan presidential election.

Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright (died 1616)

Lech Wałęsa, Polish electrician and politician, 2nd President of Poland, Nobel Prize laureate

Enrico Fermi, Italian-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1954)

Silvio Berlusconi, Italian businessman and politician, Prime Minister of Italy (died 2023)

Michelle Bachelet, Chilean politician, President of Chile

Julia Gillard, Welsh-Australian lawyer and politician, 27th Prime Minister of Australia

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, English admiral (died 1805)

Pompey, Roman general and politician (died 48 BC)

Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish philosopher and author (died 1936)

Ian McShane, English actor

Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian director and screenwriter (died 2007)

Ludwig von Mises, Austrian-American economist, sociologist, and philosopher (died 1973)

Jon Fosse, Norwegian author and dramatist

Anita Ekberg, Swedish-Italian model and actress (died 2015)

Kevin Durant, American basketball player

Elizabeth Gaskell, English author (died 1865)

Michael Servetus, Spanish physician, cartographer, and theologian (died 1553)

Bujar Nishani, Albanian politician, 7th President of Albania (died 2022)

Per Mertesacker, German footballer

James Cronin, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2016)

Samora Machel, Mozambican commander and politician, 1st President of Mozambique (died 1986)

Jerry Lee Lewis, American singer-songwriter and pianist (died 2022)

Sebastian Coe, English sprinter and politician

François Boucher, French painter and set designer (died 1770)

Greer Garson, English-American actress (died 1996)

László Bíró, Hungarian-Argentinian journalist and inventor, invented the ballpoint pen (died 1985)

Peter D. Mitchell, English biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1992)

Halsey, American singer

Robert Clive, English general and politician, first Governor General of the Bengal Presidency (died 1774)

Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Ukrainian historian, academic, and politician (died 1934)

Wim Kok, Dutch union leader and politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (died 2018)

Trofim Lysenko, Ukrainian-Russian biologist and agronomist (died 1976)

Diosdado Macapagal, Philippine politician, 9th President of the Philippines (died 1997)

Zachary Levi, American actor and singer

Guadalupe Victoria, Mexican general and politician (died 1843)

Stanley Kramer, American director and producer (died 2001)

Gene Autry, American singer, actor, and businessman (died 1998)

Miguel Alemán Valdés, Mexican lawyer and civilian politician, 46th President of Mexico (died 1983)

Trevor Howard, English actor (died 1988)

Robert Benton, American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2025)

Bill Nelson, American politician

Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general (died 1882)

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Hungarian-American psychologist and academic (died 2021)

Felice Gimondi, Italian cyclist (died 2019)

Erika Eleniak, American model and actress

Nicholas Galitzine, English actor

Pier Luigi Bersani, Italian educator and politician, 6th President of Emilia-Romagna

Jacques Charles François Sturm, French mathematician and theorist (died 1850)

Madeline Kahn, American actress and singer (died 1999)

Theo Jörgensmann, German clarinet player and composer (died 2025)

Lizabeth Scott, American actress (died 2015)

Charlotte, Princess Royal of England (died 1828)

Colin Dexter, English author and educator (died 2017)

Kōichirō Matsuura, Japanese diplomat

Rhodri Morgan, Welsh politician, 2nd First Minister of Wales (died 2017)

Russell Peters, Canadian comedian, actor, and producer

Hugo Haase, German lawyer, jurist, and politician (died 1919)

Jon Brower Minnoch, famous for being the world's heaviest person recorded (died 1983)

Sasha Lane, American actress

William V, Duke of Bavaria (died 1626)