6 July on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility.

The Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill in Rome is burned down and the Sibylline books of prophecy destroyed with it.

Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt).

Mindaugas is crowned King of Lithuania.

Pope Clement VI issues a papal bull protecting the Jews accused of having caused the Black Death.

Ming China's Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after the third treasure voyage and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming–Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor.

Jan Hus is condemned by the assembly of the council in the Konstanz Cathedral as a heretic and sentenced to be burned at the stake.

A temporary compromise between the rebellious Transylvanian peasants and the noblemen is signed in Kolozsmonostor Abbey.

The reunion of the Catholic and Orthodox Church is proclaimed and celebrated with a public holiday.

Richard III and Anne Neville are crowned King and Queen of England.

Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of the Congo River.

First Italian War: Battle of Fornovo: Charles VIII defeats the Holy League.

The explorer Jacques Cartier lands at St. Malo at the end of his second expedition to North America. He returns with none of the gold he expected to find.

Thomas More is executed after having been condemned on perjured evidence.

King Philip II of Spain, consort of Queen Mary I of England, sets out from Dover to war with France, which eventually resulted in the loss of the city of Calais, the last English possession on the continent, and Mary I never seeing her husband again.

The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed by Scotland and England.

Córdoba, Argentina, is founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera.

French Wars of Religion: Siege of La Rochelle ends.

Raid on Żejtun: The south east of Malta, and the town of Żejtun, suffer a raid from Ottoman forces. This was the last unsuccessful attempt by the Ottomans to conquer the island of Malta.

Thirty Years' War: Four thousand Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus land in Pomerania, Germany.

Battle of Sedgemoor: Last battle of the Monmouth Rebellion. Troops of King James II defeat troops of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth.

Pope Benedict XIV suppresses the Patriarchate of Aquileia and establishes from its territory the Archdiocese of Udine and Gorizia.

American Revolutionary War: Siege of Fort Ticonderoga: After a bombardment by British artillery under General John Burgoyne, American forces retreat from Fort Ticonderoga, New York.

Battle of Grenada: The French defeat British naval forces in the Caribbean during the American Revolutionary War.

At Padua, the Emperor Leopold II calls on the monarchs of Europe to join him in demanding the king of France Louis XVI's freedom.

First Battle of Algeciras: Outnumbered French Navy ships defeat the Royal Navy in the fortified Spanish port of Algeciras.

The second day of the Battle of Wagram; France defeats the Austrian army in the largest battle to date of the Napoleonic Wars.

The Republican Party of the United States held its first convention in Jackson, Michigan.

Louis Pasteur successfully tests his vaccine against rabies on Joseph Meister, a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog.

David Kalākaua, monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, is forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution, which transfers much of the king's authority to the Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii.

Three thousand eight hundred striking steelworkers engage in a day-long battle with Pinkerton agents during the Homestead Strike, leaving ten dead and dozens wounded.

First World War: The British and French prime ministers, H. H. Asquith and René Viviani, met at Calais to discuss future offensives including the Gallipoli campaign.

First World War: Russian troops won a victory in the Battle of Kostiuchnówka, with the Polish Legions playing a key role on the Austro-Hungarian side.

World War I: Arabian troops led by T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") and Auda ibu Tayi capture Aqaba from the Ottoman Empire during the Arab Revolt.

The Left SR uprising in Russia starts with the assassination of German ambassador Wilhelm von Mirbach by Cheka members.

The British dirigible R34 lands in New York, completing the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by an airship.

The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game is played in Chicago's Comiskey Park. The American League defeated the National League 4–2.

A major breach of the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal in England sends millions of gallons of water cascading 200 feet (61 m) into the River Irwell.

Spanish Civil War: Battle of Brunete: The battle begins with Spanish Republican troops going on the offensive against the Nationalists to relieve pressure on Madrid.

Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany closes the last remaining Jewish enterprises.

Story Bridge, a major landmark in Brisbane, as well as Australia's longest cantilever bridge is formally opened.

World War II: The German army launches its offensive to encircle several Soviet armies near Smolensk.

Anne Frank and her family go into hiding in the "Secret Annexe" above her father's office in an Amsterdam warehouse.

Jackie Robinson refuses to move to the back of a bus, leading to his court-martial.

The Hartford circus fire, one of America's worst fire disasters, kills approximately 168 people and injures over 700 in Hartford, Connecticut.

Referendum held in Sylhet to decide its fate in the Partition of India.

The AK-47 goes into production in the Soviet Union.

Althea Gibson wins at the Wimbledon Championships, becoming the first black athlete to do so.

John Lennon and Paul McCartney meet for the first time, as teenagers at Woolton Fete, three years before forming the Beatles.

As a part of Operation Plowshare, the Sedan nuclear test takes place.

The Late Late Show, the world's longest-running chat show by the same broadcaster, airs on RTÉ One for the first time.

Malawi declares its independence from the United Kingdom.

Malawi becomes a republic, with Hastings Banda as its first President.

Nigerian Civil War: Nigerian forces invade Biafra, beginning the war.

After visiting several Asian communist countries, Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu gave a speech on a number of neo-Stalinist and socialist-realist ideals, which became known as the July Theses.

The Comoros declares independence from France.

While attempting to return to Sheremetyevo International Airport, Aeroflot Flight 411, an Ilyushin Il-62, crashes near Mendeleyevo, Moscow Oblast, killing all 90 people on board.

The Piper Alpha drilling platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires. One hundred sixty-seven oil workers are killed, making it the world's worst offshore oil disaster in terms of direct loss of life.

The Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack: Sixteen bus passengers are killed when a member of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad took control of the bus and drove it over a cliff.

In the Bosnian War, under the command of General Ratko Mladić, Serbia begins its attack on the Bosnian town of Srebrenica.

A McDonnell Douglas MD-88 operating as Delta Air Lines Flight 1288 experiences a turbine engine failure during takeoff from Pensacola International Airport, killing two and injuring five of the 147 people on board.

The Troubles: In response to the Drumcree dispute, five days of mass protests, riots and gun battles begin in Irish nationalist districts of Northern Ireland.

Hong Kong International Airport opens in Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong, replacing Kai Tak Airport as the city's international airport.

The 70-metre Yevpatoria Planetary Radar sends a METI message (Cosmic Call 2) to five stars: Hip 4872, HD 245409, 55 Cancri (HD 75732), HD 10307 and 47 Ursae Majoris (HD 95128). The messages will arrive to these stars in 2036, 2040, 2044, and 2049, respectively.

A gunman killed an 18-year-old man and injured six other people in a mass shooting on Cabildo Avenue in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The Nathu La pass between India and China, sealed during the Sino-Indian War, re-opens for trade after 44 years.

Jadranka Kosor became the first female prime minister of Croatia.

A 73-car oil train derails in the town of Lac-Mégantic, Quebec and explodes into flames, killing at least 47 people and destroying more than 30 buildings in the town's central area.

A Boeing 777 operating as Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crashes at San Francisco International Airport, killing three and injuring 181 of the 307 people on board.

At least 42 people are killed in a shooting at a school in Yobe State, Nigeria.

An Antonov An-26 operating as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air Flight 251 crashes on approach to Palana Airport, killing all 28 aboard.

The Georgia Guidestones, a monument in the United States, are heavily damaged in a bombing, and are dismantled later the same day.

George W. Bush, American businessman and politician, 43rd President of the United States

Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter and educator (died 1954)

Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama

Sylvester Stallone, American actor, director, and screenwriter

Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakh politician, 1st President of Kazakhstan

50 Cent, American rapper and actor

Nicholas I of Russia (died 1855)

Nancy Reagan, American actress and activist, 42nd First Lady of the United States (died 2016)

Marc Chagall, Belarusian-French painter and poet (died 1985)

Eva Green, French actress and model

Wojciech Jaruzelski, Polish general and politician, 1st President of the Third Polish Republic (died 2014)

Geoffrey Rush, Australian actor and producer

Peter Singer, Australian philosopher and academic

Maximilian I of Mexico (died 1867)

Kevin Hart, American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter

Marc Bloch, French historian and academic (died 1944)

Janet Leigh, American actress and author (died 2004)

Eino Leino, Finnish poet and journalist (died 1926)

Hilary Mantel, English author and critic (died 2022)

Hugo Theorell, Swedish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1982)

Pau Gasol, Spanish basketball player

Adolf Anderssen, German chess player (died 1879)

Ranveer Singh, Indian film actor

Bill Haley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1981)

Michael Sata, Zambian police officer and politician, 5th President of Zambia (died 2014)

Roman Shirokov, Russian footballer

Ned Beatty, American actor (died 2021)

Nathalie Baye, French actress (died 2026)

Heinrich Harrer, Austrian geographer and mountaineer (died 2006)

Zé Roberto, Brazilian footballer

Vladimir Ashkenazy, Russian-Icelandic pianist and conductor

Jennifer Saunders, English actress, comedian and screenwriter

Queen Blanche I of Navarre (died 1441)

William Hooker, English botanist and academic (died 1865)

Adi Shamir, Israeli cryptographer and co-inventor of RSA cryptography

Max Mirnyi, Belarusian tennis player

Ernst Busch, German field marshal (died 1945)

Hanns Eisler, German-Austrian soldier and composer (died 1962)

Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom (died 1935)

David Crystal, British linguist, author, and academic

Annette Kellermann, Australian swimmer and actress (died 1975)

Kate Nash, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress

John Paul Jones, Scottish-American captain, early leader in the Continental Navy (died 1792)

María Isabella of Spain (died 1846)

Rory Delap, English-Irish footballer

Albert von Kölliker, Swiss anatomist and physiologist (died 1905)

Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, French politician historian (died 2023)

Zion Williamson, American basketball player

Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, Swiss composer and educator (died 1950)

Laurent Gaudé, French author and playwright

Sophie Adlersparre, Swedish publisher, writer, and women's rights activist (died 1895)

William Schallert, American actor; president (1979–81) of the Screen Actors Guild (died 2016)

Maria Luisa of Spain (died 1824)

Della Reese, American actress and singer (died 2017)

Bessie Head, Botswanan writer (died 1986)

Mary Peters, English-Irish pentathlete and shot putter

Noli de Castro, Filipino journalist and politician, 14th Vice President of the Philippines

Inspectah Deck, American rapper and producer

Sebastián Rulli, Argentine-Mexican actor and model

Gregory Smith, Canadian actor, director, and producer