25 November on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates the first of his three triumphs for his victory over the Etruscans.

Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, dies. His grandson, Donnchad, son of Bethóc and Crínán of Dunkeld, inherits the throne.

The White Ship sinks in the English Channel, drowning William Adelin, son and heir of Henry I of England.

Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Châtillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard.

A tsunami, caused by an earthquake in the Tyrrhenian Sea, devastates Naples and the Maritime Republic of Amalfi, among other places.

King Minkhaung I becomes king of Ava.

Elizabeth of York is crowned Queen Consort of England.

The siege of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, ends with the Treaty of Granada.

Portuguese conquest of Goa: Portuguese naval forces under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque, and local mercenaries working for privateer Timoji, seize Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate, resulting in 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule.

The Cudgel War begins in Finland (at the time part of Sweden), when peasants rebel against the imposition of taxes by the nobility.

A deadly earthquake rocks Shemakha in the Caucasus, killing 80,000 people.

Trunajaya rebellion: After a long and logistically challenging march, the allied Mataram and Dutch troops successfully assault the rebel stronghold of Kediri.

King Ferdinand VI of Spain grants royal protection to the Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus, now known as the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary.

French and Indian War: British forces capture Fort Duquesne from French control. Later, Fort Pitt will be built nearby and grow into modern Pittsburgh.

An earthquake hits the Mediterranean destroying Beirut and Damascus and killing 30,000–40,000.

American Revolutionary War: The last British troops leave New York City, three months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris.

Partitions of Poland: Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last king of independent Poland, is forced to abdicate and is exiled to Russia.

The Greek frigate Hellas arrives in Nafplion to become the first flagship of the Hellenic Navy.

A massive undersea earthquake, estimated magnitude between 8.7 and 9.2, rocks Sumatra, producing a massive tsunami all along the Indonesian coast.

A cyclone slams into south-eastern India. An estimated 300,000 deaths resulted from the disaster.

American Civil War: Battle of Missionary Ridge: Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the Siege of Chattanooga by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg at Missionary Ridge in Tennessee.

American Civil War: A group of Confederate operatives calling themselves the Confederate Army of Manhattan starts fires in more than 20 locations in an unsuccessful attempt to burn down New York City.

The United States Greenback Party is established as a political party consisting primarily of farmers affected by the Panic of 1873.

American Indian Wars: In retaliation for the American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops sack the sleeping village of Cheyenne Chief Dull Knife at the headwaters of the Powder River.

Banff National Park, the oldest national park in Canada, was established as the Banff Hot Springs Reserve.

Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 4 premiered in Munich.

Prince Carl of Denmark arrives in Norway to become King Haakon VII of Norway.

A fire breaks out on SS Sardinia as it leaves Malta's Grand Harbour, resulting in the ship's grounding and the deaths of at least 118 people.

Românul de la Pind, the longest-running newspaper by and about Aromanians prior to World War II, ceases its publications.

Albert Einstein presents the field equations of general relativity to the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

World War I: German forces defeat Portuguese army of about 1,200 at Negomano on the border of modern-day Mozambique and Tanzania.

Vojvodina, formerly Austro-Hungarian crown land, proclaims its secession from Austria-Hungary to join the Kingdom of Serbia.

The deadliest November tornado outbreak in U.S. history kills 76 people and injures more than 400.

Wilhelm Schäfer leaves the Nazi Party and hands over the Boxheim Documents to the Frankfurt police.

In Berlin, Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact, agreeing to consult on measures "to safeguard their common interests" in the case of an unprovoked attack by the Soviet Union against either nation.

The de Havilland Mosquito, one of the most successful military aircraft in the Second World War, made its first flight.

World War II: HMS Barham is sunk by a German torpedo.

World War II: Statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina is re-established at the State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

New Zealand ratifies the Statute of Westminster and thus becomes independent of legislative control by the United Kingdom.

Red Scare: The "Hollywood Ten" are blacklisted by Hollywood movie studios.

The Great Appalachian Storm of 1950 impacts 22 American states, killing 353 people, injuring over 160, and causing US$66.7 million in damages (1950 dollars).

The left-wing Japanese novelist Wataru Kaji disappeared, leading to a government inquiry in which CIA involvement was investigated; Kaji stated he was kidnapped and held against his will by intelligence officers, which the United States denied.

Agatha Christie's murder-mystery play The Mousetrap opens at the Ambassadors Theatre in London's West End after a premiere in Nottingham, UK. It will become the longest continuously running play in history.

Korean War: After 42 days of fighting, the Battle of Triangle Hill ends in a Chinese victory. American and South Korean units abandon their attempt to capture the "Iron Triangle".

French Sudan gains autonomy as a self-governing member of the French Community.

The Mirabal sisters of the Dominican Republic are assassinated.

State funeral of John F. Kennedy; after lying in state at the United States Capitol, a Requiem Mass takes place at Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle and the President is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

The Old Student House in Helsinki, Finland is occupied by a large group of University of Helsinki students.

In Japan, author Yukio Mishima and one compatriot commit ritualistic seppuku after an unsuccessful coup attempt.

Georgios Papadopoulos, head of the military Regime of the Colonels in Greece, is ousted in a hardliners' coup led by Brigadier General Dimitrios Ioannidis.

Coup of 25 November 1975, a failed military coup d'état by Portuguese far-left activists seeking to hijack the Portuguese transition to democracy to establish a communist regime.

Suriname gains independence from the Netherlands.

Upon Suriname's independence from the Netherlands, Johan Ferrier became its first president.

Former Senator Benigno Aquino Jr., is found guilty by the Philippine Military Commission No. 2 and is sentenced to death by firing squad. He is later assassinated in 1983.

Sangoulé Lamizana, president of Upper Volta, is ousted from power in a coup d'état led by Colonel Saye Zerbo.

A group of Conservative members of Parliament wrote a letter outlining their opposition to the economic policy of Margaret Thatcher, leading to speculation over a split from the party.

Pope John Paul II appoints Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger (the future Pope Benedict XVI) Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.

Thirty-six top musicians gather in a Notting Hill studio and record Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" in order to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia.

A Soviet Air Force Antonov An-12 is shot down near Menongue in Angola's Cuando Cubango Province, killing 21.

Iran–Contra affair: U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese announces that profits from covert weapons sales to Iran were illegally diverted to the anti-communist Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

The King Fahd Causeway is officially opened in the Persian Gulf.

Typhoon Nina pummels the Philippines with category 5 winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) and a surge that destroys entire villages. At least 1,036 deaths are attributed to the storm.

The Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia votes to split the country into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, with effect from January 1, 1993.

A five-year-old Cuban boy, Elián González, is rescued by fishermen while floating in an inner tube off the Florida coast.

The 2000 Baku earthquake, with a Richter magnitude of 7.0 kills 26 people dead in Baku, Azerbaijan, being the strongest earthquake in the region in 158 years.

Cyclone Nisha strikes northern Sri Lanka, killing 15 people and displacing 90,000 others while dealing the region the highest rainfall in nine decades.

Jeddah floods: Freak rains swamp the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, during an ongoing Hajj pilgrimage. Three thousand cars are swept away and 122 people perish in the torrents, with 350 others missing.

English-Irish boy band One Direction released their third studio album Midnight Memories which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and became the best-selling album of 2013.

Pope John XXIII (died 1963)

Lope de Vega, Spanish playwright and poet (died 1635)

Augusto Pinochet, Chilean general and politician, 30th President of Chile (died 2006)

Andrew Carnegie, Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist (died 1919)

Karl Benz, German engineer and businessman, founded Mercedes-Benz (died 1929)

Xabi Alonso, Spanish footballer

Christina Applegate, American actress

Pedri, Spanish footballer

Anastas Mikoyan, Soviet politician, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (died 1978)

Mauno Koivisto, Finnish banker and politician, 9th President of Finland (died 2017)

Nikolai Vavilov, Russian botanist and geneticist (died 1943)

José Maria de Eça de Queirós, Portuguese-French journalist and author (died 1900)

Ludvík Svoboda, Czech general and politician, 8th President of Czechoslovakia (died 1979)

Rudolf Höss, German SS officer, commandant of Auschwitz, convicted war criminal (died 1947)

Katie Cassidy, American actress

Julius Robert von Mayer, German physician and physicist (died 1878)

Gaspard Ulliel, French actor (died 2022)

Henrietta Maria of France, Queen Consort of England, Scotland and Ireland (died 1669)

Catherine of Braganza, Queen Consort of England, Scotland and Ireland (died 1705)

Poul Anderson, American author (died 2001)

Maurice Denis, French painter of Les Nabis movement (died 1943)

Joe DiMaggio, American baseball player and coach (died 1999)

Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (died 1510)

Arturo Pérez-Reverte, Spanish author and journalist

Joel Kinnaman, Swedish actor

John F. Kennedy Jr., American lawyer, journalist, and publisher (died 1999)

Ben Stein, American actor, television personality, game show host, lawyer, and author

Nodar Kumaritashvili, Georgian luger (died 2010)

Percy Sledge, American singer (died 2015)

Ricardo Montalbán, Mexican-American actor, singer, and director (died 2009)

Johnny Rep, Dutch footballer and manager

Aaron Mokoena, South African footballer

Reşat Nuri Güntekin, Turkish author and playwright (died 1956)

Gabriele Oriali, Italian footballer and manager

Amy Grant, American singer-songwriter

Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (died 1936)

Billy Burke, American actor

Wilhelm Kempff, German pianist and composer (died 1991)

Franz Xaver Gruber, Austrian organist and composer (died 1863)

Paul Desmond, American saxophonist and composer (died 1977)

Jeffrey Hunter, American actor and producer (died 1969)

Mark Lanegan, American singer-songwriter (died 2022)

Jill Hennessy, Canadian actress and singer

Jay Spearing, English footballer

Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse (died 1937)

Hironobu Sakaguchi, Japanese videogame designer

Alparslan Türkeş, Cypriot-Turkish colonel and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey (died 1997)

John Larroquette, American actor

Charlaine Harris, American author and poet

Ernst Schröder, German mathematician and academic (died 1902)

Charles Kennedy, Scottish journalist and politician (died 2015)

Guillermo Cañas, Argentinian tennis player

Ringo Sheena, Japanese singer-songwriter and producer

Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi, Pakistani spiritual leader and author

Anthony Nesty, Surinamese swimmer

Piet Pieterszoon Hein, Dutch admiral (died 1629)

Kevin Chamberlin, American actor and director

Virgil Thomson, American composer and critic (died 1989)

Carrie Nation, American activist (died 1911)

Kathryn Crosby, American actress and singer (died 2024)