25 August on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

Roman Emperor Gratian is murdered at a banquet after having surrendered to the forces of rival emperor Magnus Maximus.

Marcian is proclaimed Eastern Roman emperor at Hebdomon and marries empress Pulcheria.

Emperor Constantine V humiliates nineteen high-ranking officials, after discovering a plot against him. He executes the leaders, Constantine Podopagouros and his brother Strategios.

The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, the Archbishop of Utrecht.

Regent George Mouzalon and his brothers are killed during a coup headed by the aristocratic faction under Michael VIII Palaiologos, paving the way for its leader to ultimately usurp the throne of the Empire of Nicaea.

Philip III, although suffering from dysentery, becomes King of France following the death of his father Louis IX, during the Eighth Crusade. His uncle, Charles I of Naples, is forced to begin peace negotiations with Muhammad I al-Mustansir, Hafsid Sultan of Tunis.

The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.

António Mota and a few companions become the first Europeans to visit Japan.

War of the Portuguese Succession: Spanish victory at the Battle of Alcântara brings about the Iberian Union.

Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers.

Portuguese forces are defeated by the Kingdom of Kandy at the Battle of Randeniwela in Sri Lanka.

A parliamentarian army defeats a royalist army under James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, in the battle of Wigan Lane during the Third English Civial War.

Seven Years' War: Frederick II of Prussia defeats the Russian army at the Battle of Zorndorf.

War of 1812: On the second day of the burning of Washington, British troops torch the Library of Congress, United States Treasury, Department of War, and other public buildings.

American fur trapper Hugh Glass is mauled by a grizzly bear while on an expedition in South Dakota.

The Thirty-Three Orientals declare the independence of Uruguay from Brazil.

The Belgian Revolution begins.

The first Great Moon Hoax article is published in The New York Sun, announcing the discovery of life and civilization on the Moon.

Captain Matthew Webb becomes the first person to swim across the English Channel, traveling from Dover, England, to Calais, France, in 21 hours and 45 minutes.

France and Viet Nam sign the Treaty of Huế, recognizing a French protectorate over Annam and Tonkin.

Kitasato Shibasaburō discovers the infectious agent of the bubonic plague and publishes his findings in The Lancet.

Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Liaoyang begins.

The Kuomintang is founded for the first time in Peking.

World War I: During the sack of Louvain in Belgium, German troops burned the town's Catholic university, destroying hundreds of medieval manuscripts.

World War I: Japan declares war on Austria-Hungary.

World War I: The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is deliberately destroyed by the German Army. Hundreds of thousands of irreplaceable volumes and Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts are lost.

The United States National Park Service is created.

Polish–Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw, which began on August 13, ends with the Red Army's defeat.

Nazi Germany and the Zionist Federation of Germany signed the Haavara Agreement. The agreement was a major factor in breaking the anti-Nazi boycott of 1933 and facilitated Jewish emigration from Germany and into British Mandate of Palestine.

The Diexi earthquake strikes Mao County, Sichuan, China and kills 9,000 people.

As part of its S-Plan, the Irish Republican Army carries out the 1939 Coventry bombing in which five civilians were killed.

The United Kingdom and Poland form a military alliance in which the UK promises to defend Poland in case of invasion by a foreign power.

World War II: The first Bombing of Berlin by the British Royal Air Force.

World War II: Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran: The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union jointly stage an invasion of the Imperial State of Iran.

World War II: Battle of Milne Bay: Japanese marines assault Allied airfields at Milne Bay, New Guinea, initiating the Battle of Milne Bay.

World War II: Second day of the Battle of the Eastern Solomons; a Japanese naval transport convoy headed towards Guadalcanal is turned back by an Allied air attack.

World War II: Paris is liberated by the Allies.

Ten days after World War II ends with Japan announcing its surrender, armed supporters of the Chinese Communist Party kill U.S. intelligence officer John Birch, regarded by some of the American right as the first victim of the Cold War.

The August Revolution ends as Emperor Bảo Đại abdicates, ending the Nguyễn dynasty.

The House Un-American Activities Committee holds first-ever televised congressional hearing: "Confrontation Day" between Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss.

To avert a threatened strike during the Korean War, President Truman orders Secretary of the Army Frank Pace to seize control of the nation's railroads.

The world's first publicly marketed instant noodles, Chikin Ramen, are introduced by Taiwanese-Japanese businessman Momofuku Ando.

The Games of the XVII Olympiad commence in Rome, Italy.

President Jânio Quadros of Brazil resigns after just seven months in power, initiating a political crisis that culminates in a military coup in 1964.

George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party, is assassinated by a former member of his group.

Bruce Springsteen released his commercial breakthrough album, Born to Run.

The last performance of the Jahrhundertring at the Bayreuth Festival receives ovations of 45 minutes.

Zimbabwe joins the United Nations.

Voyager 2 spacecraft makes its closest approach to Saturn.

Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808 crashes near Auburn/Lewiston Municipal Airport in Auburn, Maine, killing all eight people on board including peace activist and child actress Samantha Smith.

Pakistan International Airlines Flight 404, carrying 54 people, disappears over the Himalayas after takeoff from Gilgit Airport in Pakistan. The aircraft was never found.

Voyager 2 spacecraft makes its closest approach to Neptune, the last planet in the Solar System at the time, due to Pluto being within Neptune's orbit from 1979 to 1999.

Belarus gains its independence from the Soviet Union.

Linus Torvalds announces the first version of what will become Linux.

The Battle of Vukovar begins. An 87-day siege of Vukovar by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), supported by various Serb paramilitary forces, between August and November 1991 (during the Croatian War of Independence).

Egon Krenz, the former East German leader, is convicted of a shoot-to-kill policy at the Berlin Wall.

American singer Aaliyah and several members of her entourage are killed as their overloaded aircraft crashes shortly after takeoff from Marsh Harbour Airport, Bahamas.

NASA successfully launches the Spitzer Space Telescope into space.

Hurricane Katrina makes landfall in Florida.

Former Prime Minister of Ukraine Pavlo Lazarenko is sentenced to nine years imprisonment for money laundering, wire fraud, and extortion.

A Filair Let L-410 Turbolet crashes on approach to Bandundu Airport, killing 20.

Fifty-two people are killed during an arson attack caused by members of the drug cartel Los Zetas.

The skeleton of King Richard III of England was discovered under a car park in Leicester.

Voyager 1 spacecraft enters interstellar space, becoming the first man-made object to do so.

Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present): One hundred seventy people are killed in at least 26 separate attacks carried out by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, leading to the governments of Myanmar and Malaysia designating the group as a terrorist organisation.

Hurricane Harvey makes landfall in Texas as a powerful Category 4 hurricane, the strongest hurricane to make landfall in the United States since 2004.

Sean Connery, Scottish actor and producer (died 2020)

Ivan the Terrible, Russian ruler (died 1584)

Johann Gottfried Herder, German poet, philosopher, and critic (died 1803)

Erich Honecker, German politician (died 1994)

Tim Burton, American director, producer, and screenwriter

Võ Nguyên Giáp, Vietnamese general and politician, 3rd Minister of Defence for Vietnam (died 2013)

Leonard Bernstein, American pianist, composer, and conductor (died 1990)

Claudia Schiffer, German model and fashion designer

Blake Lively, American model and actress

Ludwig II of Bavaria, King of Bavaria (died 1886)

Charles Richet, French physiologist and occultist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1935)

Hans Adolf Krebs, German physician and biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1981)

Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French soldier and politician (died 1794)

Taslima Nasrin, Bangladeshi author

Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1917)

Herbert Kroemer, German-American physicist, engineer, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2024)

Faustina Kowalska, Polish nun and saint (died 1938)

Louis I of Spain (died 1724)

Amy Macdonald, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist

Ludwig I of Bavaria, King of Bavaria (died 1868)

Martin Amis, British novelist (died 2023)

Takeshi Okada, Japanese footballer, coach, and manager

Billy Ray Cyrus, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor

Alexander Skarsgård, Swedish actor

Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2003)

Frederick Forsyth, English journalist and author (died 2025)

Elvis Costello, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer

Ricardo Rodriguez, Swiss footballer

Kimi Antonelli, Italian race car driver

Gene Simmons, Israeli-American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor

Althea Gibson, American tennis player and golfer (died 2003)

Nikolaus Lenau, Romanian-Austrian poet and author (died 1850)

Bret Harte, American short story writer and poet (died 1902)

Rob Halford, English heavy metal singer-songwriter

Rachel Bilson, American actress

Mel Ferrer, American actor, director, and producer (died 2008)

Miro Cerar, Slovenian lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Slovenia

Fatih Akın, German director, producer, and screenwriter

George Wallace, American lawyer, and politician, 45th Governor of Alabama (died 1998)

Wayne Shorter, American saxophonist and composer (died 2023)

China Anne McClain, American actress and singer

Tom Skerritt, American actor

Tom Hollander, English actor

Arpad Elo, Hungarian-American chess player, created the Elo rating system (died 1992)

John Savage, American actor and producer

Álvaro Mutis, Colombian-Mexican author and poet (died 2013)

Regis Philbin, American actor and television host (died 2020)

George Stubbs, English painter and academic (died 1806)

Maxim Kontsevich, Russian-American mathematician and academic

Seán T. O'Kelly, Irish journalist and politician, 2nd President of Ireland (died 1966)

Dorothea Tanning, American painter, sculptor, and poet (died 2012)

Van Johnson, American actor (died 2008)

Joanne Whalley, English actress

Mario Corso, Italian footballer and coach (died 2020)

Jonathan Togo, American actor

Kurban Berdyev, Turkmen footballer and manager

Allan Pinkerton Scottish-American barrel maker, private detective (co-founder of Pinkerton Agency), abolitionist, and spy (died 1884)

Helmut Hasse, German mathematician and academic (died 1975)

Bernardo Rezende, Brazilian volleyball coach and player

Robert Horry, American basketball player and sportscaster