15 August on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

Arab–Byzantine wars: The Battle of Yarmouk between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate begins.

Arab–Byzantine wars: Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik begins the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople, which will last for nearly a year.

Arab–Byzantine wars: The Arabs abandon the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople due to failure to secure enough supplies, defeat of their relief army by the Byzantines and an outbreak of plague in the camp.

Carloman, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, renounces his position as majordomo and retires to a monastery near Rome. His brother, Pepin the Short, becomes the sole ruler (de facto) of the Frankish Kingdom.

The Battle of Roncevaux Pass takes place between the army of Charlemagne and a Basque army.

Noble Erchana of Dahauua grants the Bavarian town of Dachau to the Diocese of Freising.

The Arabs under Caliph al-Mu'tasim storm and sack the city of Amorium, killing half the population and enslaving the other.

The Saracens conquer and destroy Taranto.

Holy Roman Emperor Otto II is defeated by the Saracens in the Battle of Capo Colonna, in Calabria.

Byzantine general Eustathios Daphnomeles blinds and captures Ibatzes of Bulgaria by a ruse, thereby ending Bulgarian resistance against Emperor Basil II's conquest of Bulgaria.

King Stephen I, the first king of Hungary, dies; his nephew, Peter Orseolo, succeeds him.

King Macbeth of Scotland is killed at the Battle of Lumphanan by the forces of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada.

The Pavian-born Benedictine Lanfranc is appointed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in England.

Starting date of the First Crusade as set by Pope Urban II.

Seljuk Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud enters Baghdad after he besieged it for fifty days and the flight of Abbasid caliph al-Rashid Billah the day before.

The cave city of Vardzia is consecrated by Queen Tamar of Georgia.

Albigensian Crusade: The Cathar stronghold of Carcassonne falls to the crusaders.

The Livonian Brothers of the Sword, a Catholic military order, occupy Tarbatu (today Tartu) as part of the Livonian Crusade.

Spanish Reconquista: The Battle of the Puig between the Moorish forces of Taifa of Valencia against the Crown of Aragon culminates in an Aragonese victory.

The foundation stone of Cologne Cathedral, built to house the relics of the Three Wise Men, is laid. (Construction is eventually completed in 1880.)

Michael VIII Palaiologos leads a triumphal procession into Constantinople following its recapture and is crowned Byzantine emperor.

Mongol invasions of Japan: The Mongolian fleet of Kublai Khan is destroyed by a "divine wind" for the second time in the Battle of Kōan.

The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. John, completing their conquest of Rhodes. The knights establish their headquarters on the island and rename themselves the Knights of Rhodes.

Francesco Sforza, lord of Milan, conquers Lucca.

The Empire of Trebizond surrenders to the forces of Sultan Mehmed II. This is regarded by some historians as the real end of the Byzantine Empire. Emperor David of Trebizond is exiled and later murdered.

Pope Sixtus IV consecrates the Sistine Chapel.

Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Malacca, the capital of the Malacca Sultanate.

Seven Portuguese armed vessels led by Fernão Pires de Andrade meet Chinese officials at the Pearl River estuary.

Panama City, Panama is founded.

Ignatius of Loyola and six classmates take initial vows, leading to the creation of the Society of Jesus in September 1540.

Asunción, Paraguay is founded.

Arequipa, Peru is founded.

Jesuit priest Francis Xavier comes ashore at Kagoshima (Traditional Japanese date: 22 July 1549).

Imjin War: At the Battle of Hansan Island, the Korean Navy, led by Yi Sun-sin, Yi Ŏkki, and Wŏn Kyun, decisively defeats the Japanese Navy, led by Wakisaka Yasuharu.

Nine Years' War: Battle of Curlew Pass: Irish forces led by Hugh Roe O'Donnell successfully ambush English forces, led by Sir Conyers Clifford, sent to relieve Collooney Castle.

A Royalist army under the Marquess of Montrose defeats a Covenanter army in the battle of Kilsyth.

Emperor Leopold I and French king Louis XIV agree to an armistice in the truce of Ratisbon.

French forces end the bombardment of Brussels.

Seven Years' War: Battle of Liegnitz: Frederick the Great's victory over the Austrians under Ernst Gideon von Laudon.

War of 1812: Potawatomi warriors ambushed a United States Army convoy after it had evacuated Fort Dearborn, in present-day Chicago, and razed the fort.

War of 1812: British forces launch a costly and unsuccessful night attack against American defenders during the siege of Fort Erie.

The Marquis de Lafayette, the last surviving French general of the American Revolutionary War, arrives in New York and begins a tour of 24 states.

The Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu, Hawaii is dedicated. Now the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu, it is the oldest Roman Catholic cathedral in continuous use in the United States.

Tivoli Gardens, one of the oldest still intact amusement parks in the world, opens in Copenhagen, Denmark.

The Anglo-Satsuma War begins between the Satsuma Domain of Japan and the United Kingdom (Traditional Japanese date: July 2, 1863).

Start of the second part of the Montceau-les-Mines troubles by the Black Band, groups of anarchist miners.

Ibadan area becomes a British Protectorate after a treaty was signed by Fijabi, the Baale of Ibadan, with the British acting Governor of Lagos, George C. Denton.

Fratton Park football ground in Portsmouth, England is officially first opened.

Ordination in Constantinople of Fr. Raphael Morgan, the first African-American Orthodox priest, "Priest-Apostolic" to America and the West Indies.

A military coup against the government of Dimitrios Rallis began in the neighbourhood of Goudi in Athens, Greece.

A servant of American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright, sets fire to the living quarters of Wright's Wisconsin home, Taliesin, and murders seven people there.

The Panama Canal opens to traffic with the transit of the cargo ship SS Ancon.

World War I: Beginning of the Battle of Cer, the first Allied victory of World War I.

World War I: The First Russian Army, led by Paul von Rennenkampf, enters East Prussia.

A story in the New York World newspaper reveals that the Imperial German government had purchased excess phenol from Thomas Edison that could be used to make explosives for the war effort and diverted it to Bayer for aspirin production.

Polish–Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw, so-called Miracle at the Vistula.

Will Rogers and Wiley Post are killed after their aircraft develops engine problems during takeoff in Barrow, Alaska.

The Wizard of Oz premieres at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles, California.

Twenty-six Junkers Ju 87 bombers commanded by Walter Sigel meet unexpected ground fog during a dive-bombing demonstration for Luftwaffe generals at Neuhammer. Thirteen of them crash and burn.

An Italian submarine torpedoes and sinks the Greek cruiser Elli at Tinos harbor during peacetime, marking the most serious Italian provocation prior to the outbreak of the Greco-Italian War in October.

Corporal Josef Jakobs is executed by firing squad for espionage at the Tower of London at 07:12, making him the last person to be executed at the Tower.

Decree for the mass expulsion of ethnic Germans from Crimea issued by the Soviet government.

World War II: Operation Pedestal: The oil tanker SS Ohio reaches the island of Malta barely afloat carrying vital fuel supplies for the island's defenses.

World War II: Battle of Trahili: Superior German forces surround Cretan partisans, who manage to escape against all odds.

World War II: Operation Dragoon: Allied forces land in southern France.

Emperor Hirohito broadcasts his declaration of surrender following the effective surrender of Japan in World War II; Korea gains independence from the Empire of Japan.

Founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah is sworn in as first Governor-General of Pakistan in Karachi.

India gains independence from British rule after nearly 190 years of British company and crown rule and joins the Commonwealth of Nations.

Jawaharlal Nehru took office as the first prime minister of India, a post he held for 16 years.

The First Republic of Korea (South Korea) is established in the southern half of the peninsula.

The Republic of Korea was established with Syngman Rhee as its first president.

Measuring Mw 8.6, the largest earthquake on land occurs in the Assam-Tibet-Myanmar border, killing 4,800.

A flash flood devastates the town of Lynmouth, England, killing 34 people.

Alfredo Stroessner begins his dictatorship in Paraguay.

American Airlines Flight 514, a Boeing 707, crashes near the Calverton Executive Airpark in Calverton, New York, killing all five people on board.

Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) becomes independent from France.

Border guard Conrad Schumann flees from East Germany while on duty guarding the construction of the Berlin Wall.

James Joseph Dresnok defects to North Korea after running across the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Dresnok died in 2016.

Execution of Henry John Burnett, the last man to be hanged in Scotland.

President Fulbert Youlou is overthrown in the Republic of the Congo, after a three-day uprising in the capital.

The Beatles play to nearly 60,000 fans at Shea Stadium in New York City, an event later regarded as the birth of stadium rock.

The Woodstock Music & Art Fair opens in Bethel, New York, featuring some of the top rock musicians of the era.

Patricia Palinkas becomes the first woman to play professionally in an American football game.

Bahrain gains independence from the United Kingdom.

President Richard Nixon completes the break from the gold standard by ending convertibility of the United States dollar into gold by foreign investors.

Vietnam War: The US Air Force bombing of Cambodia ends.

Yuk Young-soo, First Lady of South Korea, is killed during an apparent assassination attempt upon President Park Chung Hee.

Bangladeshi leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is killed along with most members of his family during a military coup.

Takeo Miki makes the first official pilgrimage to Yasukuni Shrine by an incumbent prime minister on the anniversary of the end of World War II.

SAETA Flight 011 crashes into the Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador, killing all 59 people on board; the wreckage is not discovered until 2002.

The Big Ear, a radio telescope operated by Ohio State University as part of the SETI project, receives a radio signal from deep space; the event is named the "Wow! signal" from the notation made by a volunteer on the project.

The Kurdistan Workers' Party in Turkey starts a campaign of armed attacks upon the Turkish Armed Forces with an attack on police and gendarmerie bases in Şemdinli and Eruh.

Signing of the Assam Accord, an agreement between representatives of the Government of India and the leaders of the Assam Movement to end the movement.

China Eastern Airlines Flight 5510 crashes after takeoff from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, killing 34 of the 40 people on board.

In South Carolina, Shannon Faulkner becomes the first female cadet matriculated at The Citadel (she drops out less than a week later).

Tomiichi Murayama, Prime Minister of Japan, releases the Murayama Statement, which formally expresses remorse for Japanese war crimes committed during World War II.

Apple introduces the iMac computer.

Northern Ireland: Omagh bombing takes place; 29 people (including a woman pregnant with twins) killed and some 220 others injured.

Beni Ounif massacre in Algeria: Some 29 people are killed at a false roadblock near the Moroccan border, leading to temporary tensions with Morocco.

Israel's unilateral disengagement plan to evict all Israelis from the Gaza Strip and from four settlements in the northern West Bank begins.

The Helsinki Agreement between the Free Aceh Movement and the Government of Indonesia is signed, ending almost three decades of fighting.

An 8.0-magnitude earthquake off the Pacific coast devastates Ica and various regions of Peru, killing 514 and injuring 1,090.

At least 27 people are killed and 226 injured in an explosion in southern Beirut near a complex used by Lebanon's militant group Hezbollah in Lebanon. A previously unknown Syrian Sunni group claims responsibility in an online video.

The Smithsonian announces the discovery of the olinguito, the first new carnivorous species found in the Americas in 35 years.

North Korea moves its clock back half an hour to introduce Pyongyang Time, 81⁄2 hours ahead of UTC.

Russia begins production on the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine.

Kabul falls into the hands of the Taliban as Ashraf Ghani flees Afghanistan along with local residents and foreign nationals, effectively reestablishing the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

US president Donald Trump meets with Russian president Vladimir Putin in Alaska, the first such summit since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Napoleon Bonaparte, French general and emperor (died 1821)

Walter Scott, Scottish novelist, playwright, and poet (died 1832)

Jennifer Lawrence, American actress and producer

Ben Affleck, American actor and filmmaker

Louis de Broglie, French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1987)

Sri Aurobindo, Indian guru, poet, and philosopher (died 1950)

Gerty Cori, Czech-American biochemist and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1957)

Melinda French Gates, American businesswoman and philanthropist, co-founded the Gates Foundation

Anthony of Padua, Portuguese priest and saint (died 1231)

Anne, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom

Alejandro González Iñárritu, Mexican filmmaker

Julia Child, American chef and author (died 2004)

Stieg Larsson, Swedish journalist and author (died 2004)

Khaleda Zia, Bangladeshi politician, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (died 2025)

Thomas De Quincey, English journalist and author (died 1859)

Óscar Romero, Salvadoran archbishop (died 1980)

Richard F. Heck, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2015)

Jules Grévy, French lawyer and politician, 4th President of the French Republic (died 1891)

Ethel Barrymore, American actress (died 1959)

Joe Jonas, American singer, songwriter, and actor

Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, English footballer

Oscar Peterson, Canadian pianist and composer (died 2007)

Natasha Henstridge, Canadian model and actress

Debra Messing, American actress

Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, Greek lawyer and politician, 6th President of Greece (died 2016)

Stanley Milgram, American social psychologist (died 1984)

Matthias Claudius, German poet and author (died 1815)

Wendy Hiller, English actress (died 2003)

Alfonso IX, king of León and Galicia (died 1230)

Edna Ferber, American novelist, short story writer, and playwright (died 1968)

Anthony Anderson, American comedian, actor, and producer

E. Nesbit, English author and poet (died 1924)

Rose Marie, American actress and singer (died 2017)

Boudewijn Zenden, Dutch footballer and manager

Stephen Breyer, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Florence Harding, American publisher, 31st First Lady of the United States (died 1924)

Phyllis Schlafly, American lawyer, writer, and political activist (died 2016)

Nicolas Roeg, English director and cinematographer (died 2018)

Rakhee Gulzar, Indian film actress

Lilia Podkopayeva, Ukrainian gymnast

Chief Keef, American rapper

Mike Connors, American actor and producer (died 2017)

Luigi Pulci, Italian poet (died 1484)

Gudrun Ensslin, German militant leader, founded Red Army Faction (died 1977)

Jacques Ibert, French composer and educator (died 1962)

Nipsey Hussle, American rapper (died 2019)

Oussama Assaidi, Moroccan footballer

Clinton N'Jie, Cameroonian footballer

Keir Hardie, Scottish politician and trade unionist (died 1915)

Maxine Waters, American educator and politician

Ivan Meštrović, Croatian sculptor and architect (died 1962)

Paul Rand, American graphic designer and art director (died 1996)

Robert Bolt, English playwright and screenwriter (died 1995)

Bobby Helms, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1997)

Scott Altman, American captain, pilot, and astronaut

Emily Kinney, American actress and singer-songwriter

Aleksey Krylov, Russian mathematician and engineer (died 1945)

Boban Marjanović, Serbian basketball player

Mikao Usui, Japanese spiritual leader, founded Reiki (died 1926)

Jack Lynch, Irish footballer and politician, 5th Taoiseach of Ireland (died 1999)