9 November on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

At the Seventeenth Council of Toledo, Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims, sentencing all Jews to slavery.

The Battle of Fujigawa: Minamoto forces (30,000 men) under Minamoto no Yoritomo defeat Taira no Koremori during a night attack near the Fuji River but he escapes safely with the routed army.

The Treaty of Aberconwy, a humiliating settlement forced on Llywelyn ap Gruffudd by King Edward I of England, brings a temporary end to the Welsh Wars.

Knights Templar officer Hugues de Pairaud is forced to confess during the Trials of the Knights Templar. He was persecuted on the charges of false idolism and sodomy.

Louis the Bavarian defeats his cousin Frederick I of Austria at the Battle of Gammelsdorf.

Siege of Warangal: Prataparudra surrenders to Muhammad bin Tughlaq, officially marking the end of the Kakatiya dynasty.

At the Battle of Posada, Basarab I of Wallachia defeats the Hungarian army of Charles I Robert.

Trần Duệ Tông succeeds his brother Trần Nghệ Tông as King of Vietnam.

The Battle of Ilava: The Hungarians defeat the Hussite army.

Ulrich II, Count of Celje, last ruler of the County of Cilli, is assassinated in Belgrade.

More than 50 people are sentenced and executed in the Stockholm Bloodbath.

Second Desmond Rebellion: The Siege of Smerwick ends with the Catholic garrison surrendering to the English forces under Arthur Grey. The majority of the garrison is massacred the next day.

The Bohemian King Frederick I flees Prague to Vratislav one day after the defeat of his troops in the Battle of White Mountain.

Glorious Revolution: William of Orange captures Exeter.

In a treaty between Sweden and Hanover at the close of the Great Northern War, Sweden cedes the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (in northern Germany) to Hanover.

The synagogue of Judah HeHasid is burned down by Arab creditors, leading to the expulsion of the Ashkenazim from Jerusalem.

Spain, France and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Seville.

American Revolutionary War: In the Battle of Fishdam Ford a force of British and Loyalist troops fail in a surprise attack against the South Carolina Patriot militia under Brigadier General Thomas Sumter.

The Dublin Society of United Irishmen is founded.

Napoleon Bonaparte leads the Coup of 18 Brumaire ending the Directory government, and becoming First Consul of the successor Consulate Government.

USS Alligator engaged three pirate schooners off the coast of Cuba in one of the West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States.

Kentucky marshals abduct abolitionist minister Calvin Fairbank from Jeffersonville, Indiana, and take him to Kentucky to stand trial for helping a slave escape.

American Civil War: Union General Ambrose Burnside assumes command of the Army of the Potomac, after George B. McClellan is removed.

The Tokugawa shogunate hands back power to the Emperor of Japan, starting the Meiji Restoration.

The Battle of Coulmiers ends in a Pyrrhic victory for the French army during the Franco-German War of 1870.

The Great Boston Fire of 1872.

A major earthquake strikes Zagreb and destroys many buildings, including Zagreb Cathedral.

Mapuche rebels attack the fortified Chilean settlement of Temuco.

The United States receives rights to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Jack the Ripper murders Mary Jane Kelly, his final victim in the Whitechapel murders.

Russian invasion of Manchuria: Russia completes its occupation of Manchuria with 100,000 troops.

Prince George, Duke of Cornwall (later George V of the United Kingdom), becomes Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.

The Province of Alberta, Canada, holds its first general election.

Theodore Roosevelt is the first sitting President of the United States to make an official trip outside the country, doing so to inspect progress on the Panama Canal.

The Cullinan Diamond is presented to King Edward VII on his birthday.

The Great Lakes Storm of 1913, the most destructive natural disaster ever to hit the lakes, reaches its greatest intensity after beginning two days earlier. The storm destroys 19 ships and kills more than 250 people.

SMS Emden is sunk by HMAS Sydney in the Battle of Cocos.

The Balfour Declaration is published in The Times newspaper.

Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates after the German Revolution, and Germany is proclaimed a Republic.

The government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic adopted a tricolour national flag, which is again in use today, with slight modifications, by the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan.

The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista or PNF) is founded in Italy.

In Munich, police and government troops crush the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch.

The Great Mecca Feast, the first documentary film on the Hajj, premiered in the Netherlands.

The Committee for Industrial Organization, the precursor to the Congress of Industrial Organizations, is founded in Atlantic City, New Jersey, by eight trade unions belonging to the American Federation of Labor.

American fashion designer Ruth Harkness seeks and captures a nine-week-old panda cub in Sichuan; named Su Lin, he becomes the first live giant panda to enter the United States.

Second Sino-Japanese War: The Chinese Army withdraws from the Battle of Shanghai.

Kristallnacht occurs, instigated by the Nazis using the killing of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan as justification.

World War II: A covert Sicherheitsdienst operation captured two British agents of the Secret Intelligence Service near Venlo in the Netherlands.

Warsaw is awarded the Virtuti Militari by the Polish government-in-exile.

Battle of Stalingrad: German forces of the 6th Army under general Friedrich Paulus reach the river bank of the Volga, capturing 90% of the ruined city of Stalingrad and splitting the remaining Soviet forces into two narrow pockets.

An agreement for the founding of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration is signed by 44 countries in the White House, Washington, D.C.

Soo Bahk Do and Moo Duk Kwan martial arts are founded in Korea.

Cambodia gains independence from France.

Robert McNamara is named president of the Ford Motor Company, becoming the first non-Ford family member to serve in that post. He resigns a month later to join the newly elected John F. Kennedy administration.

At a coal mine in Miike, Japan, an explosion kills 458 and hospitalises 839 with carbon monoxide poisoning.

The Tsurumi rail accident on the Tōkaidō Main Line in Yokohama kills 162 people.

A Catholic Worker Movement member, Roger Allen LaPorte, protesting against the Vietnam War, sets himself on fire in front of the United Nations building.

Several U.S. states and parts of Canada are hit by a series of blackouts lasting up to 13 hours in the Northeast blackout of 1965.

Apollo program: NASA launches the unmanned Apollo 4 test spacecraft, atop the first Saturn V rocket, from Florida's Cape Kennedy.

The first issue of Rolling Stone, an American magazine focusing on music, politics and popular culture, was published.

Vietnam War: The Supreme Court of the United States votes 6–3 against hearing a case to allow Massachusetts to enforce its law granting residents the right to refuse military service in an undeclared war.

American banker John List murdered his wife, mother, and three children with a pair of handguns.

Cold War: Nuclear false alarm: The NORAD computers and the Alternate National Military Command Center in Fort Ritchie, Maryland, detect a purported massive Soviet nuclear strike. After reviewing the raw data from satellites and checking the early-warning radars, the alert is cancelled.

Garry Kasparov, 22, of the Soviet Union, becomes the youngest World Chess Champion by beating fellow Soviet Anatoly Karpov.

Cold War: Fall of the Berlin Wall: East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel to West Berlin.

Stari Most, the "old bridge" in the Bosnian city of Mostar, built in 1566, collapses after several days of bombing by Croat forces during the Croat–Bosniak War.

The chemical element darmstadtium is discovered.

A U.S. federal judge, in the largest civil settlement in American history, orders 37 U.S. brokerage houses to pay US$1.03 billion to cheated NASDAQ investors to compensate for price fixing.

Capital punishment in the United Kingdom, already abolished for murder, is completely abolished for all remaining capital offences.

TAESA Flight 725 crashes after takeoff from Uruapan International Airport in Uruapan, Michoacán, Mexico, killing all 18 people on board.

Uttarakhand officially becomes the 27th state of India, formed from thirteen districts of northwestern Uttar Pradesh.

Firefox 1.0 is released.

Suicide bombers attack three hotels in Amman, Jordan, killing at least 60 people.

The Venus Express mission of the European Space Agency is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.

The first national test of the Emergency Alert System is activated in the United States at 2:00 p.m. EST.

A train carrying liquid fuel crashes and bursts into flames in northern Myanmar, killing 27 people and injuring 80 others.

At least 27 people are killed and dozens are wounded in conflicts between inmates and guards at Welikada prison in Colombo.

A non-binding self-determination consultation is held in Catalonia, asking Catalan citizens their opinion on whether Catalonia should become a state and, if so, whether it should be an independent state.

A tram derailment in Croydon, London, killed seven people.

Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan inaugurated the Kartarpur Corridor, a visa-free border crossing connecting the Gurdwara Darbar Sahib to the India–Pakistan border.

The Alabama Crimson Tide and LSU Tigers football teams, both with undefeated records thus far that season, played in a "Game of the Century".

Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: An armistice agreement is signed by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia.

U.S. surgeons at NYU Langone Health announce the world's first whole eye transplant.

Ivan Turgenev, Russian author and playwright (died 1883)

Carl Sagan, American astronomer, astrophysicist, and cosmologist (died 1996)

Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistani philosopher, poet, and politician (died 1938)

Edward VII of the United Kingdom (died 1910)

Imre Kertész, Hungarian author, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2016)

Hedy Lamarr, Austrian-American actress and inventor (died 2000)

George II of Great Britain (died 1760)

Alessandro Del Piero, Italian footballer

Mikhail Tal, Latvian-Russian chess player and author (died 1992)

Hermann Weyl, German mathematician, physicist, and philosopher (died 1955)

Spiro Agnew, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 39th Vice President of the United States (died 1996)

Luiz Felipe Scolari, Brazilian footballer and manager

Enrico De Nicola, Italian journalist, lawyer, and politician, 1st President of the Italian Republic (died 1959)

Andreas Brehme, German footballer and manager (died 2024)

Imre Lakatos, Hungarian mathematician, philosopher, and academic (died 1974)

Velimir Khlebnikov, Russian poet and playwright (died 1922)

Jean Monnet, French economist and diplomat (died 1979)

Marie Dressler, Canadian-American actress and singer (died 1934)

Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1978)

Eric Dane, American actor (died 2026)

Anne Sexton, American poet and academic (died 1974)

Ingvar Carlsson, Swedish economist and politician, 29th Prime Minister of Sweden

Chris Jericho, American-Canadian wrestler

Dorothy Dandridge, American actress, singer, and dancer (died 1965)

Dietrich von Choltitz, General of the German Army during World War II (died 1966)

Delta Goodrem, Australian singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress

Isabella of Valois, French princess, Queen Consort of England and Duchess of Orleans (died 1409)

Ryan Murphy, American television writer, producer, and director

Momo Hirai, Japanese dancer and singer

Lou Ferrigno, American bodybuilder and actor

Émile Gaboriau, French author and journalist (died 1873)

Sherrod Brown, American academic and politician

Nikki Blonsky, American actress, singer, and dancer

Erika Mann, German-Swiss actress and author (died 1969)

Fernando Meirelles, Brazilian director, producer, and screenwriter

Florence R. Sabin, American medical scientist (died 1953)

Alice Coachman, American high jumper (died 2014)

Bille August, Danish director, cinematographer, and screenwriter

Benjamin Banneker, American farmer, surveyor, and author (died 1806)

Sabri Lamouchi, French footballer and manager

Ed Wynn, American actor (died 1966)

Mary Travers, American singer-songwriter (died 2009)

Lio Tipton, American actor and model

Mae Marsh, American actress (died 1968)

Robert Frank, Swiss-American photographer and director (died 2019)

Bryn Terfel, Welsh opera singer

Sargent Shriver, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, 21st United States Ambassador to France (died 2011)

Nick Lachey, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor

Giovanna Mezzogiorno, Italian actress

French Montana, Moroccan-American rapper

Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse, French businesswoman and author (died 1776)

Theodor Kaluza, German mathematician and physicist (died 1954)

Anthony Asquith, English director and screenwriter (died 1968)

Zisis Vryzas, Greek footballer and coach

Vanessa Lachey, Filipino-American television host and actress

Daniel Naroditsky, American chess grandmaster (died 2025)

Gustav, Prince of Vasa (died 1877)

Viktor Brack, German SS officer (died 1948)

Boaz Myhill, American-Welsh footballer

Edna May Oliver, American actress (died 1942)