7 July on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of 19 weeks.

A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.

Spanish conquistadores defeat a larger Aztec army at the Battle of Otumba.

Jacques Cartier makes his first contact with aboriginal peoples in what is now Canada.

Scotland and France conclude the Treaty of Haddington in response to the war known as the "Rough Wooing". According to the treaty, the five-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, is to marry the Dauphin of France.

The Raid of the Redeswire is the last major battle between England and Scotland.

The Treaty of Nemours abolishes tolerance to Protestants in France.

An English fleet completes the destruction of a French merchant fleet off Fort St Pierre, Martinique during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.

After three days of battle around Chesma, the Russian fleet defeats the Ottoman Navy, inflicting one of the most severe naval defeats on the Ottoman Empire since Lepanto.

The Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire takes place.

American forces retreating from Fort Ticonderoga are defeated in the Battle of Hubbardton.

As a result of the XYZ Affair, the US Congress rescinds the Treaty of Alliance with France sparking the "Quasi-War".

War of the Second Coalition: The British Royal Navy force attacked the well-defended French anchorage of Dunkirk, capturing a French frigate.

The first Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia is signed, ending hostilities between the two countries in the War of the Fourth Coalition.

In New York City, four nights of rioting against abolitionists began.

US troops occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the US conquest of California.

The United States begins its first military draft; exemptions cost $300.

Four conspirators in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln are hanged.

The Katipunan is established, the discovery of which by Spanish authorities initiated the Philippine Revolution.

US president William McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution, annexing Hawaii as a territory of the United States.

The luxury racing yacht Idler capsizes and sinks on Lake Erie during a storm, drowning six of its seven passengers (all members of the family of Cleveland businessman James C. Corrigan).

Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. staged his first Follies on the roof of the New York Theater in New York City.

The United States, UK, Japan, and Russia sign the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 banning open-water seal hunting, the first international treaty to address wildlife preservation issues.

Colombo Town Guard officer Henry Pedris is executed in British Ceylon for allegedly inciting persecution of Muslims.

World War I: The First Battle of the Isonzo between Italy and Austria-Hungary comes to an end.

The New Zealand Labour Party was founded in Wellington.

Sliced bread is sold for the first time (on the inventor's 48th birthday) by the Chillicothe Baking Company of Chillicothe, Missouri.

Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser begins construction of Boulder Dam (now known as Hoover Dam).

The Finnish far-right Lapua Movement organises the Peasant March demonstration in Helsinki to put pressure on the government to prohibit communist activities.

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (Lugou Bridge) provides the Imperial Japanese Army with a pretext for starting the Second Sino-Japanese War (China-Japan War).

The Peel Commission Report recommends the partition of Palestine, which was the first formal recommendation for partition in the history of Palestine.

The US occupation of Iceland replaces the UK's occupation.

World War II: Largest Banzai charge of the Pacific War at the Battle of Saipan.

Howard Hughes nearly dies when his XF-11 reconnaissance aircraft prototype crashes in a Beverly Hills neighborhood.

Mother Francesca S. Cabrini becomes the first American to be canonized.

The ocean liner SS United States passes Bishop Rock on her maiden voyage, breaking the transatlantic speed record to become the fastest passenger ship in the world.

Ernesto "Che" Guevara sets out on a trip through Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and El Salvador.

US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into law.

Venus occults the star Regulus. This rare event is used to determine the diameter of Venus and the structure of the Venusian atmosphere.

Alitalia Flight 771 crashes in Junnar, Maharashtra, India, killing 94 people.

Buddhist crisis: Police commanded by Ngô Đình Nhu, brother and chief political adviser of South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem, attacked a group of American journalists who were covering a protest.

West Germany won the FIFA World Cup final against the Netherlands at the Munich Olympiastadion.

The Solomon Islands becomes independent from the United Kingdom.

During the Lebanese Civil War, 83 Tiger militants are killed during what will be known as the Safra massacre.

Institution of sharia law in Iran.

US President Ronald Reagan nominates Sandra Day O'Connor to become the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Cold War: Samantha Smith, a United States schoolgirl, flies to the Soviet Union at the invitation of Secretary General Yuri Andropov.

Boris Becker becomes the youngest male player ever to win Wimbledon at age 17.

Yugoslav Wars: The Brioni Agreement ends the ten-day independence war in Slovenia against the rest of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

The New York Court of Appeals rules that women have the same right as men to go topless in public.

The Turkish Armed Forces withdraw from northern Iraq after assisting the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War.

NASA Opportunity rover, MER-B or Mars Exploration Rover–B, was launched into space aboard a Delta II rocket.

A series of four explosions occurs on London's transport system, killing 56 people, including four suicide bombers, and injuring over 700 others.

A shootout happens in Spiritwood, Canada, killing two Royal Canadian Mounted Police and wounding a third officer.

The first Live Earth benefit concert was held in 11 locations around the world.

A man goes on a killing spree in Grand Rapids, Michigan, killing seven and wounding two before killing himself.

At least 172 people are killed in a flash flood in the Krasnodar Krai region of Russia.

A De Havilland Otter air taxi crashes in Soldotna, Alaska, killing ten people.

Ex-US Army soldier Micah Xavier Johnson shoots fourteen policemen, killing five of them, in downtown Dallas, Texas at the end of a protest of recent police killings of Black men. He is subsequently killed by a robot-delivered bomb.

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was adopted with 122 countries voting in favour.

The United States defeated the Netherlands 2–0 at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup final in Lyon, France.

Haitian crisis: Haitian President Jovenel Moïse is assassinated in his residence in the capital of Port-au-Prince.

Boris Johnson announces his resignation as leader of the Conservative Party following days of pressure from the Members of Parliament (MPs) during the July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis.

Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer and conductor (died 1911)

Ringo Starr, English singer-songwriter, drummer, and actor

Robert A. Heinlein, American science fiction writer and screenwriter (died 1988)

Yanka Kupala, Belarusian poet and writer (died 1941)

Vittorio De Sica, Italian actor and director (died 1974)

Camillo Golgi, Italian physician and pathologist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1926)

Shelley Duvall, American actress, writer, and producer (died 2024)

George Cukor, American director and producer (died 1983)

Lion Feuchtwanger, German author and playwright (died 1958)

Elizabeth of Hungary (died 1231)

Gyanendra, King of Nepal

Alberto Aquilani, Italian footballer

Bérénice Bejo, Argentinian-French actress

Joseph Marie Jacquard, French merchant, invented the Jacquard loom (died 1834)

Michelle Kwan, American figure skater

Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Indian cricketer

Miroslav Krleža, Croatian author, poet, and playwright (died 1981)

Rodrigues Alves, Brazilian politician, 5th President of Brazil (died 1919)

Tadamichi Kuribayashi, Japanese general and poet (died 1945)

John Sigismund Zápolya, King of Hungary (died 1571)

Gian Carlo Menotti, Italian-American composer (died 2007)

Biljana Plavšić, 2nd President of Republika Srpska (died 2026)

Joe Zawinul, Austrian jazz keyboardist and composer (died 2007)

Nettie Stevens, American geneticist (died 1912)

Nuon Chea, Cambodian politician (died 2019)

Elena Obraztsova, Russian soprano and actress (died 2015)

Synyster Gates, American guitarist

Emperor Sutoku of Japan (died 1164)

Jon Pertwee, English actor (died 1996)

Michael Howard, Welsh lawyer and politician

Jorja Fox, American actress

Moussa Diaby, French footballer

Lisa Leslie, American basketball player and actress

Félicien Rops, Belgian painter and illustrator (died 1898)

David McCullough, American historian and author (died 2022)

Ian Wilmut, English-Scottish embryologist and academic (died 2023)

Erik Zabel, German cyclist and coach

Archduchess Anna of Austria (died 1590)

Tung Chee-hwa, Hong Kong businessman and politician, 1st Chief Executive of Hong Kong (died 2026)

Kirsten Vangsness, American actress and writer

Hamish Linklater, American actor and playwright

Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (died 1129)

Jan Laštůvka, Czech footballer

Alesso, Swedish DJ, record producer and musician

Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese cinematographer and producer (died 1970)

Lee Addy, Ghanaian footballer

Joe Sakic, Canadian ice hockey player

Christian Camargo, American actor, producer, and screenwriter

Chris Andersen, American basketball player

Adele Goldberg, American computer scientist and academic

Billy Campbell, American actor

Theodore McCarrick, American former cardinal (died 2025)

Jim Gaffigan, American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter

Adam Nelson, American shot putter

Ana Kasparian, American journalist and producer

Pinetop Perkins, American singer and pianist (died 2011)

Patricia Hitchcock, English actress (died 2021)

David Eddings, American author and academic (died 2009)

Tom Kristensen, Danish race car driver

Gottfried von Cramm, German tennis player (died 1976)