19 April on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all of the conspirators are arrested.

Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria).

Election of Pope John XIX following the death of his brother Pope Benedict VIII.

Following the attempt of Byzantine Emperor Michael V Kalaphates to depose his wife and empress Zoe Porphyrogenita, a popular uprising in Constantinople breaks out with the intention to restore her.

The Lisbon Massacre begins, in which about two thousand Jews who had been forcibly converted to Christianity are slaughtered by Portuguese Catholics.

Beginning of the Protestant Reformation: After the Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities protest the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms.

The Treaty of Frankfurt between Protestants and the Holy Roman Emperor is signed.

England and France sign an alliance against Spain in the treaty of Blois.

In Ireland, O'Doherty's Rebellion is launched by the Burning of Derry.

The French army captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops.

With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inheritable by a female; his daughter and successor, Maria Theresa, was not born until 1717.

Captain James Cook, still holding the rank of lieutenant, sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia.

Marie Antoinette marries Louis XVI in a proxy wedding.

The Polish Partition Sejm met to discuss the First Partition of Poland, carried out the previous year by Russia, Prussia and Austria.

American Revolutionary War: Following the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the Siege of Boston begins with American militias blocking land access to the British-held city.

American Revolutionary War: The war begins during the Battles of Lexington and Concord with a victory of American minutemen and other militia over British forces, later referred to as the "shot heard round the world".

John Adams secures Dutch recognition of the United States as an independent government. The house which he had purchased in The Hague becomes the first American embassy.

An Austrian corps is defeated by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Battle of Raszyn, part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition. On the same day the Austrian main army is defeated by a First French Empire Corps led by Louis-Nicolas Davout at the Battle of Teugen-Hausen in Bavaria, part of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory.

Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparán, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a junta is installed.

French physicist Augustin Fresnel signs his preliminary "Note on the Theory of Diffraction" (deposited on the following day). The document ends with what we now call the Fresnel integrals.

The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom and guarantees its neutrality.

American Civil War: Baltimore riot of 1861: A pro-Secession mob in Baltimore attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.

The Minute Man was unveiled as part of the centennial celebration of the Battles of Lexington and Concord.

The Kishinev pogrom in Kishinev (Bessarabia) begins, forcing tens of thousands of Jews to later seek refuge in Palestine and the Western world.

Colo-Colo, the most successful and popular soccer football team in the South American nation of Chile, was founded at the El Llano Stadium in San Miguel, Santiago, by footballer David Arellano and some of his teammates who had also left the Deportes Magallanes club.

Mae West is sentenced to ten days in jail for obscenity for her play Sex.

The Jaffa riots commence, initiating the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.

World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the Majdan-Tatarski ghetto is established, situated between the Lublin Ghetto and a Majdanek subcamp.

World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins, after German troops enter the Warsaw Ghetto to round up the remaining Jews.

Actress Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier of Monaco.

Students in South Korea hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against president Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign.

Charles Manson is sentenced to death (later commuted to life imprisonment) for conspiracy in the Tate–LaBianca murders.

Launch of Salyut 1, the first space station.

Sierra Leone becomes a republic, and Siaka Stevens the president.

The Doors released L.A. Woman, their final album during their lead vocalist Jim Morrison's lifetime.

The Portuguese Socialist Party is founded in the German town of Bad Münstereifel.

India's first satellite Aryabhata launched in orbit from Kapustin Yar, Russia.

South Vietnamese forces withdraw from the town of Xuan Loc in the last major battle of the Vietnam War.

A violent F5 tornado strikes around Brownwood, Texas, injuring 11 people. Two people were thrown at least 1,000 yards (910 m) by the tornado and survived uninjured.

"Advance Australia Fair", written by Scottish-born composer Peter Dodds McCormick, officially replaced "God Save the Queen" as Australia's national anthem.

Two hundred ATF and FBI agents lay siege to the compound of the white supremacist survivalist group The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord in Arkansas; the CSA surrenders two days later.

The fictional Simpson family made their first appearance in the short "Good Night", aired in a segment of the The Tracey Ullman Show.

A gun turret explodes on the USS Iowa, killing 47 sailors.

The 51-day FBI siege of the Branch Davidian building in Waco, Texas, US, ends when a fire breaks out. Seventy-six Davidians, including 18 children under age 10, died in the fire.

Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, US, is bombed, killing 168 people including 19 children under the age of six.

The German Bundestag returns to Berlin.

Air Philippines Flight 541 crashes in Samal, Davao del Norte, killing all 131 people on board.

Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on STS-100 carrying the Canadarm2 to the International Space Station.

Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is elected to the papacy and becomes Pope Benedict XVI.

The Quito Ultratumba nightclub fire in Quito, Ecuador, kills 19 people and injures at least 24 more.

Fidel Castro resigns as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba after holding the title since July 1961.

Boston Marathon bombing suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev is killed in a shootout with police. His brother Dzhokhar is later captured hiding in a boat inside a backyard in the suburb of Watertown.

Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African American, died of injuries sustained while in the custody of the Baltimore Police Department.

A killing spree in Nova Scotia, Canada, leaves 22 people and the perpetrator dead, making it the deadliest rampage in the country's history.

The Ingenuity helicopter becomes the first aircraft to achieve flight on another planet.

Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (died 2026)

Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player

José Echegaray, Spanish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1916)

Kate Hudson, American actress

Getúlio Vargas, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 14th President of Brazil (died 1954)

James Franco, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter

Mswati III, King (Ngwenyama) of Eswatini (Swaziland)

Mukesh Ambani, Indian businessman, chairman of Reliance Industries

Rivaldo Vitor Borba Ferreira, Brazilian footballer

Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1999)

Gustavo Petro, Colombian politician, 34th and current President of Colombia

Tim Curry, English actor and singer (died 2026)

Jayne Mansfield, American model and actress (died 1967)

Ferdinand I of Austria (died 1875)

Ashley Judd, American actress

Fernando Botero, Colombian painter and sculptor (died 2023)

Hayden Christensen, Canadian actor

Joe Hart, English footballer

Joseph Estrada, Filipino politician, 13th President of the Philippines

Erich Hartmann, German colonel and pilot (died 1993)

Dudley Moore, English actor, comedian, and pianist (died 2002)

James Heckman, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate

Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese super-centenarian, oldest verified man ever (died 2013)

Wilfried Martens, Belgian politician, 60th Prime Minister of Belgium (died 2013)

Trevor Francis, English footballer and manager (died 2023)

Vasily Tatishchev, Russian ethnographer and politician (died 1750)

Kelly Holmes, English athlete and double Olympic champion

Richard von Mises, Austrian-American mathematician and physicist (died 1953)

Ali Wong, American comedian and actress

Simu Liu, Canadian actor

PinkPantheress, British singer-songwriter and record producer

Roger Sherman, American lawyer and politician (died 1793)

Candace Parker, American basketball player

Frederick IV, King of Naples (died 1504)

Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, German husband of Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria (died 1716)

Otto Georg Thierack, German jurist and politician (died 1946)

Veniamin Kaverin, Russian author and screenwriter (died 1989)

Hugh O'Brian, American actor (died 2016)

Suge Knight, American record executive

Kelly Olynyk, Canadian basketball player

Eliot Ness, American law enforcement agent (died 1957)

Germaine Tailleferre, French composer and educator (died 1983)

Constance Talmadge, American actress and producer (died 1973)

George O'Brien, American actor (died 1985)

Sven Hassel, Danish-German soldier and author (died 2012)

Alexis Korner, British blues musician and radio broadcaster (died 1984)

Jóannes Eidesgaard, Faroese educator and politician, Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands

Julius Krohn, Finnish poet and journalist (died 1888)

Ken Carpenter, American discus thrower and coach (died 1984)

Azlan Shah of Perak, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (died 2014)

Loren Gray, American singer and internet personality

Julien Ries, Belgian cardinal (died 2013)

Madeleine Peyroux, American French jazz and blues singer-songwriter

Willem Drost, Dutch painter (died 1659)

Alice Salomon, German social reformer (died 1948)

Michel Roux, French-English chef and author (died 2020)

Kim Chiu, Filipino actress, singer, and dancer

Michel Le Tellier, French politician, French Minister of Defence (died 1685)

Richard Hughes, English author, poet, and playwright (died 1976)

Roberto Tucci, Italian Jesuit leader, cardinal, and theologian (died 2015)