15 December on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

Vandalic War: Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Tricamarum.

Pope Sergius I is elected as a compromise between antipopes Paschal and Theodore.

Constantine VIII becomes sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire, 63 years after being crowned co-emperor.

Jin–Song wars: Military officers conspire against the emperor Wanyan Liang of the Jin dynasty after a military defeat at the Battle of Caishi, and assassinate the emperor at his camp.

Sicilian Chancellor Stephen du Perche moves the royal court to Messina to prevent a rebellion.

Mongol forces under Hulagu enter and dismantle the Nizari Ismaili (Assassin) stronghold at Alamut Castle (in present-day Iran) as part of their offensive on Islamic southwest Asia.

The Nizari Ismaili garrison of Gerdkuh, Persia surrender after 17 years to the Mongols.

Stephen III of Moldavia defeats Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, with the latter being injured thrice, at the Battle of Baia.

The town of Ekenäs (Finnish: Tammisaari) is founded by King Gustav Vasa of Sweden.

Castle Cornet in Guernsey, the last stronghold which had supported the King in the Third English Civil War, surrenders.

American Revolutionary War: British and French fleets clash in the Battle of St. Lucia.

The United States Bill of Rights becomes law when ratified by the Virginia General Assembly.

War of the First Coalition: The French navy launched an expedition to Ireland to assist the Society of United Irishmen in a rebellion against the British.

The U.S. Patent Office building in Washington, D.C., nearly burns to the ground, destroying all 9,957 patents issued by the federal government to that date, as well as 7,000 related patent models.

American Civil War: The Battle of Fredericksburg ends in a Union defeat as General Ambrose Burnside withdraws the Army of the Potomac across the Rappahannock River.

American Civil War: The Battle of Nashville begins at Nashville, Tennessee, and ends the following day with the destruction of the Confederate Army of Tennessee under General John Bell Hood as a fighting force by the Union Army of the Cumberland under General George H. Thomas.

The short-lived Republic of Ezo is proclaimed in the Ezo area of Japan. It is the first attempt to establish a democracy in Japan.

Sixteen-year-old telegraphist Ella Stewart keys and sends the first telegraphed message from Arizona Territory at the Deseret Telegraph Company office in Pipe Spring.

Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull is killed on Standing Rock Indian Reservation, leading to the Wounded Knee Massacre.

Symphony No. 9 ("From the New World" a.k.a. the "New World Symphony") by Antonín Dvořák premieres in a public afternoon rehearsal at Carnegie Hall in New York City, followed by a concert premiere on the evening of December 16.

British Army forces are defeated at the Battle of Colenso in Natal, South Africa, the third and final battle fought during the Black Week of the Second Boer War.

Italian American food cart vendor Italo Marchiony receives a U.S. patent for inventing a machine that makes ice cream cones.

The Pushkin House is established in Saint Petersburg, Russia, to preserve the cultural heritage of Alexander Pushkin.

The London Underground's Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway opens.

A gas explosion at Mitsubishi Hōjō coal mine, in Kyushu, Japan, kills 687.

World War I: The Serbian Army recaptures Belgrade from the invading Austro-Hungarian Army.

World War I: An armistice between Russia and the Central Powers is signed.

Anarchist insurrection suppressed in Zaragoza, Spain.

Gone with the Wind (highest inflation adjusted grossing film) receives its premiere at Loew's Grand Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.

The Holocaust in Ukraine: German troops murder over 15,000 Jews at Drobytsky Yar, a ravine southeast of the city of Kharkiv.

World War II: The Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse begins during the Guadalcanal campaign.

World War II: The Battle of Arawe begins during the New Britain campaign.

World War II: a single-engine UC-64A Norseman aeroplane carrying United States Army Air Forces Major Glenn Miller is lost in a flight over the English Channel.

Occupation of Japan/Shinto Directive: General Douglas MacArthur orders that Shinto be abolished as the state religion of Japan.

U.S.-backed Iranian troops brought an end to the Iran crisis when they marched on the breakaway Republic of Mahabad and recaptured the territory.

King Mahendra of Nepal suspends the country's constitution, dissolves parliament, dismisses the cabinet, and imposes direct rule.

Richard Pavlick is arrested for plotting to assassinate U.S. President-Elect John F. Kennedy.

Eichmann trial: Adolf Eichmann is sentenced to death after being found guilty by an Israeli court of 15 criminal charges, including charges of crimes against humanity, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership of an outlawed organization.

Project Gemini: Gemini 6A, crewed by Wally Schirra and Thomas Stafford, is launched from Cape Kennedy, Florida. Four orbits later, it achieves the first space rendezvous, with Gemini 7.

The Silver Bridge collapses, killing 46 people.

Soviet spacecraft Venera 7 successfully lands on Venus. It is the first successful soft landing on another planet.

John Paul Getty III, grandson of American billionaire J. Paul Getty, is found alive near Naples, Italy, after being kidnapped by an Italian gang on July 10.

The American Psychiatric Association votes 13–0 to remove homosexuality from its official list of psychiatric disorders, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

U.S. President Jimmy Carter announces that the United States will recognize the People's Republic of China and sever diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan).

A suicide car bombing targeting the Iraqi embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, levels the embassy and kills 61 people, including Iraq's ambassador to Lebanon. The attack is considered the first modern suicide bombing.

Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights relating the abolition of capital punishment is adopted.

The Troubles: The Downing Street Declaration is issued by British Prime Minister John Major and Irish Taoiseach Albert Reynolds.

Tajikistan Airlines Flight 3183 crashes in the desert near Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, killing 85.

The third reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is shut down.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa reopens after 11 years and $27,000,000 spent to stabilize it, without fixing its famous lean.

Introduction of the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor into USAF active service.

A boat carrying 90 asylum seekers crashes into rocks off the coast of Christmas Island, Australia, killing 48 people.

The South Sudanese Civil War begins when opposition leaders Dr. Riek Machar, Pagan Amum and Rebecca Nyandeng vote to boycott the meeting of the National Liberation Council at Nyakuron.

Gunman Man Haron Monis takes 18 hostages inside a café in Martin Place for 16 hours in Sydney. Monis and two hostages are killed when police raid the café the following morning.

A 6.5Mwearthquake strikes the Indonesian island of Java in the city of Tasikmalaya, resulting in four deaths.

Citizenship Amendment Act protests: 10 to 15 local women blockaded a major road in Delhi, India, to protest the exclusion of Muslims from the amended Citizenship Act.

L. L. Zamenhof, Polish linguist and ophthalmologist, created Esperanto (died 1917)

Nero, Roman emperor (died 68)

Henri Becquerel, French physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1908)

Gustave Eiffel, French architect and engineer, co-designed the Eiffel Tower (died 1923)

Oscar Niemeyer, Brazilian architect, designed the United Nations Headquarters and the Cathedral of Brasília (died 2012)

Lucius Verus, Roman emperor (died 169)

Freeman Dyson, English-American physicist and mathematician (died 2020)

Keylor Navas, Costa Rican footballer

Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-English physicist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2004)

Niels Ryberg Finsen, Faroese-Danish physician and educator, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1904)

J. Paul Getty, American-English businessman and art collector, founded Getty Oil (died 1976)

Roman Pavlyuchenko, Russian footballer

Tim Conway, American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter (died 2019)

Jesse Lingard, English footballer

Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Austrian-New Zealand painter and architect (died 2000)

Don Johnson, American actor

Martin Škrtel, Slovak footballer

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Finnish lawyer, judge, and politician, 3rd President of Finland (died 1944)

Oleksandr Zinchenko, Ukrainian footballer

Allan Simonsen, Danish footballer and manager

Adam Brody, American actor

Edna O'Brien, Irish novelist, playwright, poet and short story writer (died 2024)

Lee Jung-jae, South Korean actor

Charlie Cox, English actor

Steven Nzonzi, French footballer

Alex Telles, Brazilian footballer

Michael Shanks, Canadian actor, screenwriter and director

Michelle Dockery, English actress

Baichung Bhutia, Indian footballer and manager

Mark Warner, American businessman and politician, 69th Governor of Virginia

Maude Apatow, American actress

Maxwell Anderson, American journalist and playwright (died 1959)

Maximiliano Meza, Argentine footballer

David Teniers the Younger, Flemish painter (died 1690)

Harold Abrahams, English sprinter, lawyer, and journalist (died 1978)

Jeff Chandler, American actor (died 1961)

Helen Slater, American actress

Joe D'Amato, Italian director and producer (died 1999)

Joe Jordan, Scottish footballer and manager

Stuart Townsend, Irish actor

Stan Kenton, American pianist and composer (died 1979)

Ida Haendel, Polish-English violinist and educator (died 2020)

Julie Taymor, American director, producer, and screenwriter

Ralph Ineson, English actor

Mehmet Aurélio, Brazilian-Turkish footballer and manager

Ronnie Radke, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer

Chico Mendes, Brazilian trade union leader and activist (died 1988)

Paul Simonon, English singer-songwriter and bass player

Camilla Luddington, English actress

Klaus Rifbjerg, Danish author and poet (died 2015)

Kathleen Blanco, American educator and politician, 54th Governor of Louisiana (died 2019)

Surya Bonaly, French figure skater

Kim Junsu, South Korean singer-songwriter and dancer

Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria (died 1508)

Carmine Appice, American drummer and songwriter

Garrett Wang, American actor

Michel Richard Delalande, French organist and composer (died 1726)

Alan Freed, American radio host (died 1965)

Robert Charles Wilson, American-Canadian author

Gordon Douglas, American actor, director, and screenwriter (died 1993)