9 September on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

Germanic Wars: An alliance of Germanic tribes led by Arminius engaged Roman forces at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, defeating three legions within a few days.

Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti.

Battle of Svolder during the Viking Age.

Yelü Dashi, the Liao dynasty general who founded the Qara Khitai, defeats the Seljuq and Kara-Khanid forces at the Battle of Qatwan.

In the Battle of Saint George, the Byzantines under Andronikos Asen ambush and defeat the forces of the Principality of Achaea, securing possession of Arcadia.

Anne becomes sovereign Duchess of Brittany, becoming a central figure in the struggle for influence that leads to the union of Brittany and France.

Battle of Krbava Field, a decisive defeat of Croats in Croatian struggle against the invasion by the Ottoman Empire.

Christopher Columbus, with 17 ships and 1,200 men, sails on second voyage from Cadiz.

The citizens of Lisbon celebrate the triumphal return of the explorer Vasco de Gama, completing his two-year journey around the Cape of Good Hope to India.

James IV of Scotland is defeated and dies in the Battle of Flodden, ending Scotland's involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai.

Mary Stuart, at nine months old, is crowned "Queen of Scots" in the central Scottish town of Stirling.

The ultimately unsuccessful Colloquy of Poissy opens in an effort to reconcile French Catholics and Protestants.

Ottoman–Venetian War: After a 40-day siege, the Cypriot city of Nicosia fell to the Ottomans, leading to a massacre of more than 20,000 citizens.

Thomas Cavendish in his ship Desire enters Plymouth and completes the first deliberately planned voyage of circumnavigation.

Stono Rebellion, the largest slave uprising in Britain's mainland North American colonies prior to the American Revolution, erupts near Charleston, South Carolina.

The Continental Congress officially names its union of states the United States.

Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, is named after President George Washington.

French Revolutionary Wars: A naval engagement between French and British fleets off the coast of Sumatra ended inconclusively.

Grenelle camp affair, a failed uprising by supporters of Gracchus Babeuf against the French Directory.

Alexander I of Russia confirms the privileges of Baltic provinces.

John Herschel takes the first glass plate photograph.

Possible start of the Great Famine of Ireland.

California is admitted as the thirty-first U.S. state.

The Compromise of 1850 transfers a third of Texas's claimed territory to federal control in return for the U.S. federal government assuming $10 million of Texas's pre-annexation debt.

Crimean War: The Siege of Sevastopol comes to an end when Russian forces abandon the city.

American Civil War: The Union Army enters Chattanooga, Tennessee.

A British force repels an Egyptian force led by Ahmed Urabi in the battle of Qassasin during the Anglo-Egyptian War.

Amalthea becomes the last moon to be discovered without the use of photography.

World War I: The creation of the Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade, the first fully mechanized unit in the British Army.

The Greco-Turkish War effectively ends with Turkish victory over the Greeks in Smyrna.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, founds the Republican People's Party.

Hanapepe massacre occurs on Kauai, Hawaii.

Yleisradio (YLE), the Finnish national public broadcasting company, begins its broadcasts.

The crews of Portuguese Navy frigate NRP Afonso de Albuquerque and destroyer Dão mutiny against the Salazar dictatorship's support of General Franco's coup and declare their solidarity with the Spanish Republic.

Burmese national hero U Ottama dies in prison after a hunger strike to protest Britain's colonial government.

World War II: The Battle of Hel begins, the longest-defended pocket of Polish Army resistance during the German invasion of Poland.

George Stibitz pioneers the first remote operation of a computer.

Treznea Massacre in Transylvania.

World War II: A Japanese floatplane drops incendiary bombs on Oregon.

World War II: The Allies land at Salerno and Taranto, Italy.

World War II: The Fatherland Front takes power in Bulgaria through a military coup in the capital and armed rebellion in the country. A new pro-Soviet government is established.

World War II and Second Sino-Japanese War: The Empire of Japan formally surrenders to China.

Kim Il Sung is appointed as premier of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). This is celebrated annually as its national holiday.

The 6.7 Mw Chlef earthquake shakes northern Algeria with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). At least 1,243 people were killed and 5,000 were injured.

Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the first time.

U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first civil rights bill since Reconstruction.

French president Charles de Gaulle delivered his "speech to the German youth" to 20,000 people in the courtyard of Ludwigsburg Palace.

Hurricane Betsy makes its second landfall near New Orleans, leaving 76 dead and $1.42 billion ($10–12 billion in 2005 dollars) in damages, becoming the first hurricane to cause over $1 billion in unadjusted damage.

The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development is established.

The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act is signed into law by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Allegheny Airlines Flight 863 collides in mid-air with a Piper PA-28 Cherokee over Moral Township, Shelby County, Indiana, killing all 83 people on board both aircraft.

In Canada, the Official Languages Act comes into force, making French equal to English throughout the Federal government.

A British airliner is hijacked by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and flown to Dawson's Field in Jordan.

Imagine, the second solo album by John Lennon, was released.

The four-day Attica Prison riot begins, eventually resulting in 39 dead, most killed by state troopers retaking the prison.

In Kentucky's Mammoth Cave National Park, a Cave Research Foundation exploration and mapping team discovers a link between the Mammoth and Flint Ridge cave systems, making it the longest known cave passageway in the world.

Two Aeroflot flights collide in mid-air over Anapa, Soviet Union, killing 70.

Vietnam Airlines Flight 831 crashes in Khu Khot, Thailand, while on approach to Don Muang International Airport, killing 76.

Batticaloa massacre: Massacre of 184 Tamil civilians by the Sri Lankan Army in Batticaloa District.

Tajikistan declares independence from the Soviet Union.

Israeli–Palestinian peace process: The Palestine Liberation Organization officially recognizes Israel as a legitimate state.

Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on STS-64.

The first banknotes of the Portrait Series of the Singapore dollar were introduced by the Board of Commissioners of Currency.

Ahmad Shah Massoud, leader of the Northern Alliance, is assassinated in Afghanistan by two al-Qaeda assassins who claimed to be Arab journalists wanting an interview.

Space Shuttle Program: Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on STS-115 to resume assembling the International Space Station. It is the first ISS assembly mission after the Columbia disaster back in 2003.

The Dubai Metro, the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula, is ceremonially inaugurated.

A natural-gas pipeline in San Bruno, California, exploded and "shot a fireball more than 1,000 feet (300 m) in the air", killing eight people.

A wave of attacks kills more than 100 people and injure 350 others across Iraq.

The Indian space agency puts into orbit its heaviest foreign satellite yet, in a streak of 21 consecutive successful PSLV launches.

The album Songs of Innocence by U2 is digitally released at no charge to all customers of the iTunes Music Store, appearing automatically in the "purchased" section of over 500 million users worldwide.

Elizabeth II becomes the longest reigning monarch of the United Kingdom.

The government of North Korea conducts its fifth and reportedly biggest nuclear test. World leaders condemn the act, with South Korea calling it "maniacal recklessness".

Several Russian drones incur on Polish airspace and are subsequently shot down, marking the first time a NATO member has engaged Russian military assets.

Six people are killed when Israel carries out an airstrike on Doha in a failed attempt to decapitate the Hamas leadership.

Leo Tolstoy, Russian author and playwright (died 1910)

Luka Modrić, Croatian footballer

Cardinal Richelieu, French cardinal and politician (died 1642)

Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist, created the C programming language (died 2011)

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Indonesian general and politician, 6th President of Indonesia

Adam Sandler, American actor, comedian, producer, and screenwriter

Hugh Grant, English actor and producer

Akshay Kumar, Indian actor and producer

Luigi Galvani, Italian physician and physicist (died 1798)

Cesare Pavese, Italian poet and author (died 1950)

Honorius, Roman emperor (died 423)

Michelle Williams, American actress

Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, Italian lawyer and politician, 9th President of Italy (died 2012)

Hans Georg Dehmelt, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2017)

Michael Bublé, Canadian singer-songwriter and actor

Oscar, Brazilian footballer

Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Egyptian theologian and author (died 2022)

Otis Redding, American singer-songwriter and producer (died 1967)

Goran Višnjić, Croatian-American actor

Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2008)

Clemens Brentano, German poet and author (died 1842)

Cliff Robertson, American actor (died 2011)

Colonel Sanders, American businessman, founded KFC (died 1980)

Roberto Donadoni, Italian footballer and manager

Houston Stewart Chamberlain, English-German philosopher and author (died 1927)

Sergio Osmeña, Filipino lawyer and politician, 4th President of the Philippines (died 1961)

Max Reinhardt, Austrian-born American theater and film director (died 1943)

Chaim Topol, Israeli actor, singer, and producer (died 2023)

Danilo Pereira, Bissauan-Portuguese footballer

John Gorton, Australian lieutenant and politician, 19th Prime Minister of Australia (died 2002)

William Bligh, English admiral and politician, 4th Governor of New South Wales (died 1817)

Nicholas Liverpool, Dominican lawyer and politician, 6th President of Dominica (died 2015)

Andrea Petkovic, German tennis player

Ahmed Elmohamady, Egyptian footballer

Afrojack, Dutch-Surinamese DJ, record producer, and remixer

James Hilton, English-American author and screenwriter (died 1954)

Brad Guzan, American soccer player

Albert III, Duke of Austria (died 1395)

Michalis Sifakis, Greek footballer

Danilo D'Ambrosio, Italian footballer

Sol LeWitt, American painter and sculptor (died 2007)

Avi Wigderson, Israeli mathematician and computer scientist (2023 Turing Prize for randomness)

Eric Stonestreet, American actor

Emma de Caunes, French actress

Manolis Glezos, Greek journalist and politician (died 2020)

The Iron Sheik, Iranian-American wrestler and actor (died 2023)

Chris Coons, American lawyer and politician

Kelsey Asbille, American actress

Jane Greer, American actress (died 2001)

Sylvia Miles, American actress (died 2019)

Elvin Jones, American drummer and bandleader (died 2004)

Daniel Pipes, American historian and author

Tom Wopat, American actor and singer

William Cranch Bond, American astronomer, and first director of Harvard College Observatory (died 1859)

Dave Stewart, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer

Shane Battier, American basketball player and sportscaster

Julie Gonzalo, Argentine-American actress

Henry Thomas, American actor and guitarist

Vikram Batra, Indian captain (died 1999)

J. R. Smith, American basketball player