28 September on the globe: what happened in the world on this day, and who was born

Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII.

Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus of Rome.

Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius.

Roman usurper Procopius bribes two legions passing by Constantinople, and proclaims himself emperor.

Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia is murdered by a group of nobles led by his brother Boleslaus I, who succeeds him.

Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia, kills most members of the rival Slavník dynasty.

William the Conqueror lands in England, beginning the Norman conquest.

King Henry I of England defeats his brother Robert Curthose at the Battle of Tinchebray.

Queen consort Gertrude of Merania is assassinated by a group of Hungarian lords.

King James I of Aragon conquers Valencia from the Moors. Shortly thereafter, he proclaims himself king of Valencia.

Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, defeats Frederick I of Austria in the Battle of Mühldorf.

Ottoman–Venetian War: The Ottoman Navy scores a decisive victory over a Holy League fleet in the Battle of Preveza.

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo of Portugal arrives at what is now San Diego, California. He is the first European in California.

A Hospitaller galley squadron defeats an Ottoman convoy in the action of 28 September 1644.

American Revolution: Samuel Huntington is elected President of the Continental Congress, succeeding John Jay.

American Revolutionary War: French and American forces backed by a French fleet begin the siege of Yorktown.

The Congress of the Confederation votes to send the newly written United States Constitution to the state legislatures for approval.

The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire is drafted. It will be made public on 13 October.

Oscar I of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Sweden.

Toronto becomes the capital of Ontario, having also been the capital of Ontario's predecessors since 1796.

The Battle of Alcolea causes Queen Isabella II of Spain to flee to France.

The Brazilian Parliament passes a law that frees all children thereafter born to slaves, and all government-owned slaves.

The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) defines the length of a metre.

The first night game for American football takes place in a contest between Wyoming Seminary and Mansfield State Normal.

Philippine–American War: Filipino guerrillas kill more than forty American soldiers while losing 28 of their own.

Corporal Frank S. Scott of the United States Army becomes the first enlisted man to die in an airplane crash.

The Ulster Covenant is signed by some 500,000 Ulster Unionists in opposition to the Third Irish Home Rule Bill.

World War I: The Fifth Battle of Ypres begins.

Race riots begin in Omaha, Nebraska, United States.

The first aerial circumnavigation is completed by a team from the US Army.

Alexander Fleming notices a bacteria-killing mold growing in his laboratory, discovering what later became known as penicillin.

World War II: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agree on a division of Poland.

World War II: The siege of Warsaw comes to an end.

Ted Williams achieves a .406 batting average for the season, and becomes the last major league baseball player to bat .400 or better.

World War II: The Drama uprising against the Bulgarian occupation in northern Greece begins.

World War II: Soviet Army troops liberate Klooga concentration camp in Estonia.

CBS makes the first color televisions available for sale to the general public, but the product is discontinued less than a month later.

Fernando Rios, a Mexican tour guide in New Orleans, dies of injuries sustained in an incident of gay bashing.

A military coup in Damascus effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria.

Whaam!, now considered one of Roy Lichtenstein's most important works, debuted at an exhibition held at the Leo Castelli Gallery, New York City.

Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser dies of a heart attack in Cairo.

Against the backdrop of the Cold War, the Canadian ice hockey team defeated the Soviet team in the Summit Series.

The ITT Building in New York City is bombed in protest at ITT's alleged involvement in the coup d'état in Chile.

The Spaghetti House siege, in which nine people are taken hostage, takes place in London.

Pope John Paul I died only 33 days after his papal election due to an apparent myocardial infarction, resulting in the first year of three popes since 1605.

John Pat, a 16-year old Aboriginal Australian boy, dies of injuries sustained by four off-duty police officers in Roebourne, a catalyst to the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody.

The Democratic Progressive Party becomes the first opposition party in Taiwan.

A Pakistan International Airlines flight crashes into a hill in Nepal, killing all 167 passengers and crew.

The cruise ferry MS Estonia sinks in the Baltic Sea, killing 852 people.

Bob Denard and a group of mercenaries take the islands of the Comoros in a coup.

Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat sign the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

Al-Aqsa Intifada: Ariel Sharon visits Al-Aqsa Mosque known to Jews as the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

Typhoon Xangsane passes over Manila after impacting parts of Southern Luzon and Eastern Visayas, becoming the strongest to affect the Philippine capital in 11 years.

Falcon 1 becomes the first privately developed liquid-fuel ground-launched vehicle to put a payload into orbit by the RatSat mission.

The Singapore Grand Prix is held as Formula One's inaugural night race, with Fernando Alonso winning the event. Almost a year later it was revealed that Alonso's team-mate Nelson Piquet Jr. had been ordered to crash his car to help bring out the safety car and give Alonso the advantage and win.

The military junta leading Guinea attacks a protest rally, killing or wounding 1,400 people.

Sita Air Flight 601 crashes in Madhyapur Thimi, Nepal, killing all 19 passengers and crew.

Somali and African Union forces launch a coordinated assault on the Somali port of Kismayo to take back the city from al-Shabaab militants.

The 2014 Hong Kong protests begin in response to restrictive political reforms imposed by the NPC in Beijing.

The 2016 South Australian blackout occurs, lasting up to three days in some areas.

The 7.5 Mw 2018 Sulawesi earthquake, which triggered a large tsunami, leaves 4,340 dead and 10,679 injured.

Hurricane Ian makes landfall in Cayo Costa State Park, Florida as a category four hurricane, killing 169 and doing $113 billion in damage, becoming Florida's costliest hurricane and the deadliest in 89 years.

The 2023 Rotterdam shootings occurred, during which two people were killed in a shooting and arson incident at a residence in Delfshaven, Rotterdam. Additionally, one person lost their life in a classroom at the Erasmus University Medical Center.

The Sycamore Gap tree in Northumberland, England, was illegally felled.

Confucius, Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. (died 479 BC)

Brigitte Bardot, French actress and animal rights activist (died 2025)

Sheikh Hasina, Bangladeshi politician, 10th Prime Minister of Bangladesh

Georges Clemenceau, French journalist, physician, and politician, 85th Prime Minister of France (died 1929)

Marcello Mastroianni, Italian-French actor and singer (died 1996)

Prosper Mérimée, French archaeologist, historian, and author (died 1870)

Naomi Watts, English-Australian actress and producer

Hilary Duff, American singer-songwriter and actress

Lata Mangeshkar, Indian playback singer and composer (died 2022)

Henri Moissan, French chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1907)

Mira Sorvino, American actress

Mika Häkkinen, Finnish race car driver

Ranbir Kapoor, Indian actor and director

William Jones, English-Welsh philologist and scholar (died 1794)

Víctor Jara, Chilean singer-songwriter, poet, and director (died 1973)

Peter Finch, English-Australian actor (died 1977)

Sylvia Kristel, Dutch model and actress (died 2012)

Dita Von Teese, American model and dancer

Bhagat Singh, Indian activist (died 1931)

Mathieu Valbuena, French footballer

Ben E. King, American singer-songwriter and producer (died 2015)

Marin Čilić, Croatian tennis player

Diosdado Macapagal, Filipino lawyer and politician, 9th President of the Philippines (died 1997)

Andrés Guardado, Mexican footballer

Fedor Emelianenko, Russian mixed martial artist and politician

Immanuel Wallerstein, American sociologist, author, and academic (died 2019)

Margot Wallström, Swedish politician and diplomat, 42nd Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs

Willy Caballero, Argentine footballer

Aleksandr Anyukov, Russian footballer

Ed Sullivan, American television host (died 1974)

Seymour Cray, American computer scientist, founded the CRAY Computer Company (died 1996)

Alexandre Cabanel, French painter and educator (died 1889)

Max Schmeling, German boxer (died 2005)

Janeane Garofalo, American comedian, actress, and screenwriter

Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, English academic and politician, Prime Minister of Great Britain (died 1811)

Edmund Stoiber, German lawyer and politician, Minister President of Bavaria

Avery Brundage, American businessman, 5th President of the International Olympic Committee (died 1975)

José Calderón, Spanish basketball player

Nolwenn Leroy, French singer-songwriter and actress

Isack Hadjar, French-Algerian racing driver

Young Jeezy, American rapper

Abhinav Bindra, Indian target shooter

Amélie of Orléans, Queen Consort of Carlos I of Portugal (died 1951)

Hiranuma Kiichirō, Japanese lawyer and politician, 35th Prime Minister of Japan (died 1952)

St. Vincent, American singer-songwriter and guitarist

Emeka Okafor, American basketball player

Jeffrey Jones, American actor

Kimiko Date, Japanese tennis player

Bam Margera, American skateboarder, actor, and stuntman

Johann Mattheson, German composer, lexicographer, and diplomat (died 1764)

John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, British Army officer (died 1925)

Bill Cassidy, American politician and physician

Maria Canals-Barrera, Cuban-American actress

Claudio Borghi, Argentinian footballer and manager

Melody Thornton, American singer-songwriter and dancer

Paul Ulrich Villard, French chemist and physicist (died 1934)

Ángel Labruna, Argentinian footballer and manager (died 1983)

David Lewis, American philosopher and academic (died 2001)

Christina Hoff Sommers, American author and philosopher

Jennifer Rush, American singer-songwriter